PPP flashcards
What was encouraged by the ordinance of 1785?
The grid system
Civic spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streets
Turbine square
Development pattern: simplest, growth follows the grid pattern
Expanding grid
Development pattern: revolves around the urban core
Star pattern
Development pattern: no central focus or apparent overall organization
Field pattern
Development pattern: central urban core with other major cores surrounding. Outer cores connected with beltway
Satellite pattern
Development pattern: two or more major urban centers near each other grow together
Megalopolis
Spaces that tend to bring people together
Sociopetal
Spaces that tend to discourage interaction or social contact
Sociofugal
Crime prevention through environmental design
Defensible space
Small area in which a number of people live who share similar needs and desires in housing, social activity and other day to day living
Neighborhood
Slope 0% - 4% 4% - 10% Over 10% Over 25%
0% - 4% usable for all types
4% - 10% informal movement
Over 10% difficult and expensive to build on
Over 25% very steep subject to erosion
Study determines how existing buildings, streets, and public spaces contribute to the neighborhood image
Imageability
The original concept of the neighborhood by
Clarence Perry
The time rate of flow of heat through a material
Conductivity
High = heat pass quickly
Low = retard heat passage
Natural materials are low
Ground surface with low albedo and high conductivity tends to
Moderate and stabilize the microclimate
Excess heat is absorbed quickly and released when the temperature drops
The study of living organisms in relation to their environment
Ecology
Formal process to predict how a development will affect the environment, including the air, water, land, and wildlife
National environmental policy act of 1969
An area whose soil is inundated or saturated by surface water or ground water frequently enough that it can support plants that are adapted to living in saturated soil
Wetland
Jurisdictional wetland
Protected by government through clean water act of 1972
Imaginary inclined plane beginning at the lot line or the center of the street and sloping at a prescribed angle toward and over the lot. Building cannot extend into this plane
Bulk plane restriction
Allows a nonconforming use or other use in the zoning ordinance if the property owner meets certain restrictions
Conditional use permit
Deeds to property can contain provisions that restrict the use of the property by the buyer. Most often used in a residential subdivision
Restrictive covenants
Evaluates the environmental impacts from initial raw material extraction to final recycling, reuse or disposal of a material
Life-cycle assessment (LCA)
A tax based on the value of property being taxed
Ad valorem tax
A method cities use to issue bonds to pay for improvements within a specified district that are intended to stimulate private development within the district
Tax increment financing
Generally used to fund infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development
Developer impact fees
Used to fund public space improvements. Taxes are assessed on those property owners in the district who would benefit from the improvements
Business improvement districts
For a new client wanting a speculative type of building which compensation method is best?
Multiple of direct personnel expense - includes the salaries of people working on the job and their required benefits, plus overhead and profit.
Time-based method of compensation
AIA document that states consultants are responsible for code compliance regarding their areas of the work
AIA document C401
AIA document that grants the owner a nonexclusive license to the instruments of service for the purpose of constructing the project. Owner may reproduce documents to facilitate construction
AIA document B101
If architect is in default the owner receives nonexclusive right to copy
AIA documents A-series B-series C-series D-series E-series F-series G-series
AIA documents A-series owner/general contractor B-series owner / architect C-series consultants, joint ventures D-series misc. docs E-series exhibits F-series reserved for future use G-series contract admin. Project management firms
Party responsible for determining the time limits for construction
The owner
AIA document A201
The legal technique whereby an insurer “steps into the shoes” of a party to whom it has made payment
Subrogation
The cost to pay off the construction loan for a project and is generally considered an ongoing cost over many years
Debt service
Contractor’s overhead and profit typically amount to what percentage of the construction cost ?
15% - 40%
Used for the purchase of land that a developer intends to subdivide and resell
Blanket loan
Short-term loan used to close quickly on a property or to finance a project that must begin immediately while waiting for another lender to approve a long term loan
Bridge loan
Large loans with a variable interest rate that increase substantially near the time that the repayment is due
Mezzanine loans
Requires developers to either dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities
Subdivision exactions
These fees are used to fund public space improvements, like parks and streetscapes, in order to enhance an area’s appeal and indirectly its property values
Special district assessments
The legal ability of a developer to develop a parcel of land
Development rights
A document that gives up a persons right to claim a lien against property
Lien waiver
A discount factor that is used to convert an annual amount, which is changing year to year at a given escalation rate, to a time equivalent present value
Modified uniform present worth factor
A minor or smaller tenant in a shopping center
Satellite tenant
The illegal practice of charging exorbitant interest rates on a loan
Usury
The establishment of common standards for rooms, spaces, and activities based on the measurement of similar facilities
Benchmarking
Primary activities referred to as:
Secondary spaces referred to as:
Primary = net assignable area Secondary = unassigned areas
A contingency normally equates to what percentage ?
5% to 10%
The costs of past projects of similar scope and function are used to estimate the cost of the new project
Project comparison method
Used when setting a budget or determining a projects feasibility
Accuracy = 15% to 25%
Usually conducted when preliminary design is completed. An average cost per unit of area or volume may be used
Area or volume method
Accuracy = 5% to 15%
Budgeting is based on major subsystems
Assembly or system method
Used during schematic design
Accuracy = within 10%
Expanded itemization of construction quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities
Possible to evaluate the cost implications of each building component and to make decisions concerning both quantity and quality
Parameter method
Used during later stages of schematic and early stages of construction documents
Contractors profit range
5% to 20%
Four major parts of a project manual
Bidding requirements
Parts of the contract (owner/contractor agreement) and bond forms
General and supplementary conditions
Technical specifications
Establishing cost of a fast-track project
Fixed-price method
Stipulated sum or lump sum
The contractor gives the owner a set price for completing the project
Owner knows final cost before construction begins
Owner does not share in cost savings
Establishing cost of a fast-track project
Guaranteed maximum price
Owner has a fixed, maximum price that the contractor guarantees
Project completed for less than this amount, the client receives the cost savings
Establishing cost of a fast-track project
Cost-plus-fee method
Owner pays the actual cost of construction plus a fee that is agreed to before construction begins
Disadvantages (owner) of design-build delivery method
Owner does not have as much control over design
Disagreements concerning what is supposed to be included
Design-build firm has control over quality of materials and construction methods
Client must develop a specific set of performance requirements
Advantages (owner) design-build delivery method
Single source of responsibility
Fixed price early
Total time of design and construction reduced
Establishing cost of a fast-track project
Fixed-price method
Stipulated sum or lump sum
The contractor gives the owner a set price for completing the project
Owner knows final cost before construction begins
Owner does not share in cost savings
Establishing cost of a fast-track project
Guaranteed maximum price
Owner has a fixed, maximum price that the contractor guarantees
Project completed for less than this amount, the client receives the cost savings
Establishing cost of a fast-track project
Cost-plus-fee method
Owner pays the actual cost of construction plus a fee that is agreed to before construction begins
Disadvantages (owner) of design-build delivery method
Owner does not have as much control over design
Disagreements concerning what is supposed to be included
Design-build firm has control over quality of materials and construction methods
Client must develop a specific set of performance requirements
Advantages (owner) design-build delivery method
Single source of responsibility
Fixed price early
Total time of design and construction reduced
