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BDCS Flashcards

1
Q

Ahwahnee Principles

A

collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain fundamental principals regarding community size, integration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy use

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2
Q 
Winds:
Basic speed
Unnoticeable
Pleasant
Pleasant & noticeable
Drafty
Uncomfortable
A 
70 - 80 miles/hour
<50 feet/minute
50 - 100 ft / min
100 - 200 ft / min
200 - 300 ft / min
\+ 300 ft / min
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3
Q 
Noise:
sleeping / studying
Conversation, comfort
safety threshold
rock band!
A

30 decibels
50 - 60 decibels
85 decibels
90-100 decibels

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4
Q

simple beam

A

rests on a support at each end and ends are free to rotate

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5
Q

Cantilever beam

A

supported at one end and restrained from rotation at that end

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6
Q

overhanging beam

A

rests on 2+ supports and has one or both ends cantilevered beyond the support

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7
Q

Gage line

A

standard dimension from corner edge of an angle to centerline of bold holes

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8
Q

ductility

A

can deform and return to original shape / bends before it breaks

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9
Q

one-way concrete joist system

A

pan joists
prefab metal pan forms are used to create frame to support light/medium loads
spans of 20’-30’, depth 1’-2’

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10
Q

two-way concrete joist system

A

typically used in rectangular bays where distance between columns is equal (or close to) in both directions

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11
Q

flat plate system

A

two-way slab with no supporting beams, only columns
reinforced slab spans in both directions directly into columns at 25’ with 6”-12” thickness
used for light loads, short spans, when floor-to-floor height must be minimized

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12
Q

drop panel system

A

like flat plate system but the slab thickness is increased around the columns for greater shear failure resistance
used with greater live loads or larger spans

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13
Q

typical arch spans
wood
concrete
steel

A

wood: 50’ - 240’
concrete: 20’ - 320’
steel: 50’ - 500’

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14
Q

trusses:
typical depth-to-span ratios
typical spans & spacing

A

depth-to-span ratios: 1:10 to 1:20

spans: 40’ - 200’
spacing: 10’ - 40’ o.c.

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15
Q

construction weight / floor
Timber
Steel
Concrete/masonry

A

Timber: 7-10 lbs/sf
Steel: 15-20 lbs/sf
Concrete/Masonry: 150-200 lbs / sf

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16
Q

Concept Model

A

methodology for measuring the embodied energy in historic buildings

a planning approach where various building types are given embodied energy values based on the square footage. Gives a rough estimate

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17
Q

Inventory Model

A

methodology for measuring the embodied energy in historic buildings

Uses an accurate accounting of the material used in construction. Is more accurate than the concept model

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18
Q

Survey Model

A

methodology for measuring the embodied energy in historic buildings

assumes that most of the embodied energy in a building is contained in the bulk of the architectural materials

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19
Q

halftimbering

A

braced wall framing exposed on the face of the building where the space between the timbers was filled with brickwork or wattle and daub

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20
Q

NESHAP

A

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

EPA regulation that dictates requirements of ACM removal before remodel/demo in order to prevent significant asbestos release into the air

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21
Q

AHERA

A

Asbestos Hazards Emergency Response Act

EPA regulation that handles asbestos found in k-12 schools, and requires that all facilities be inspected to determine the presence of amount of asbestos

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22
Q

types of fires

A

Type A: wood, paper, plastic, cloth
Type B: flammable liquids, grease, gas
Type C: Electrical
Type D: Combustable metal

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23
Q

Types of fire extinguishers

A

Water extinguisher - class A fires
CO2 extinguisher - class B fires
ABC extinguisher - Class A, B, or C fires
K extinguisher - Class B fires (cooking oil)

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24
Q

Biophilia

A

the connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life

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25
Q

Retrocomissioning

A

systematic investigation process applied to existing buildings to improve and optimize operating / maintenance

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26
Q

organic feedstock

A

something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, ect) that mold can use as an energy source. mold cannot eat inorganic materials

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27
Q

U-factor

A

measure of heat transmission
low U-value = slow heat loss (brick wall)
high U-value = rapid heat loss or gain (window)

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28
Q

R-value

A

measure of thermal resistance in a component

opposite the U-value

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29
Q

thermal inertia

A

ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release slowly at night)

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30
Q

Area of Refuge

A

a location designed to hold occupants when evacuation is not safe or possible. Has a steady supply of outside air, passive fire protection, electrical integrity/emergency lighting, two way communication/call box to 24 hr manned, or outside line

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31
Q

Fire Walls

A

walls that divide a single building into two or more “buildings”, if either side collapses the wall will not for the duration of its rating

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32
Q

Fire Barriers

A

make up rated assemblies/enclosures (e.g. shafts, exit enclosures, exit passageways, horizontal exits, atrium, mixed use occupancy separation)

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33
Q

shaft enclosures

A

openings through floors/ceilings connecting adjacent floors. 1 hour rated when connecting less than 4 stories. or 2 hour if passing through a 2 hour floor assembly or if connecting 4 or more stories

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34
Q

Fire Partition

A

demising walls separating tenants, residential units, corridor walls

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35
Q

Smoke Barrier

A

used as required to prevent the movement of smoke, have a 1 hour fire resistance rating

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36
Q

Smoke Partition

A

like a smoke barrier, but does not have to resist fire

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37
Q

corbel

A

a projection of brick jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it

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38
Q

point

A

filling joints to the face with mortar and tooling them to the desired profile

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39
Q

needle beam

A

a temporary member thrust under a building or foundation used in underpinning

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40
Q

retempering mortar is safe within what time frame?

A

if mortar is mixed less than 90 minutes prior to its stiffening it has only dried and a mason can safely retemper with water to make it workable again (note the case with concrete)

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41
Q

when to discard mortar?

A

mortar older than 2 1/2 hours must be discarded because it has begun to hydrate and can’t be retempered without reducing its final strength

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42
Q

Mortar

A

made of portland cement, hydrated lime, inert aggregate (sand), and water

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43
Q

common brick size

A

8 x 3 5/8 x 2 1/4

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44
Q

when are mortar joints in brickwork tooled?

A

1 - 2 hours after laying as the mortar begins to harden

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45
Q

igneous rock

A

rock that was deposited in a molten state

granite, basalt

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46
Q

sedimentary rock

A

deposited by the action of water and wind

limestone, sandstone, brownstone

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47
Q

metamorphic rock

A

formerly either igneous or sedimentary rock transformed by heat or pressure
marble, soapstone, slate

48
Q

cramp anchors

A

used under coping stones at vertical joints to tie 2 stones together

49
Q

pin anchor

A

anchor placed into a drilled hole and a pin is hammered in

50
Q

threaded dowel

A

used at vertical / horizontal joints between panels to align and maintain distance between panel and backup structure

51
Q

dovetail anchor

A

splayed tenon that fits into the recess of a corresponding mortise

52
Q

weep hole locations

A

24” apart in brick

32” apart in CMU

53
Q

internal (concealed) flashing

A

turned up 6” - 9” at the interior face of the wall

should penetrate at least 2” into the interior wythe

54
Q

flashing materials

A

sheet metal, plastic, elastomeric compounds, composite material

sheet metal is the most durable and most expensive
copper and stainless steel is best
galvanized steel eventually rusts and disintegrates
aluminum and lead are unsuitable because they react chemically with mortar
plastics are least expensive - some good, some bad

55
Q

surface divider joints

A

must be provided to avoid excessive buildup of forces that could crack or spall the masonry

56
Q

abutment / construction / isolation joints

A

placed at junctions between masonry and other materials, or between old and new masonry to accommodate differences in movement

57
Q

Parge

A

below grade, masonry should be parged or plastered on the outside with two coats of Type M mortar to seal cracks and pores

58
Q

bulb tee

A

a steel reinforcing member used when constructing pre-stressed, poured gypsum deck. when the gypsum is poured, it surrounds the bulb-tee

59
Q

primary type of steel used for structural purposes

A

ASTM A36

60
Q

less expensive steels used with scraps / recycled content

A

ASTM A572, ASTM A992

61
Q

structural shapes

A

W: wide flange
W 12x 36 = nomical depth in inches x weight per foot of length in lbs

S: American standard
L: angle
C: channel
WT: structural tee

62
Q

intumescent paint

A

thin coatings - expand when exposed to fire to form a thick, stable char that insulates from heat

63
Q

castellated beam

A

beam produced by cutting the web of wide flange along a zigzag, then reassembling the beam by welding its two half point to point, increasing its depth without inscreasing the length

64
Q

plate girders

A

custom designed and fabricated for long span beams

steel plates and angles are assembled by bolting or welding in such a way as to put the steel where it is needed for the required loads

65
Q

stud framing spacing

A 
wood = 16" o.c.
metal = 24" o.c.
66
Q

chambered

A

steel beams and girders are curved slightly upward so they will deflect in a straight line once loads are applied on site

67
Q

lamella

A

a thin finished top layer of an engineered wooden floor

68
Q

plainsawed

A

most lumber intended for use in building framing
maximum yield of lumber from a log
pieces distort differently during seasoning

69
Q

quartersawn

A

wood that will be seen in finish applications
produce lumber that have annual rings running nearly perpendicular to the face of the piece
boards tend to remain flat

70
Q

freewater

A

water held in the cavities of the cells

reduces water content to 26%-32% moisture

71
Q

bound water

A

water held in within the cellulose of the cell walls, wood starts to shrink at this point and the strength and stiffness of the wood begins to increase

72
Q

longitudinal shrinkage

A

shrinkage along length of the long is negligible

73
Q

radial shrinkage

A

shrinkage in the radial direction is very large by comparison

74
Q

tangental shrinkage

A

shrinkage around the circumference of the log is about half again greater than the railed shrinkage

75
Q

natural wood defects

A

knots and knotholes
insect damage
decay

76
Q

manufacturing wood defects

A

splits and checks
wane
crooks, cups, bows and twists

77
Q

stronger, more expensive wood species

used for highly stressed major members

A

Douglas Fir

78
Q

weaker cheaper wood species used for structure

A

Eastern Hemlock

79
Q

board feet =

A

(cross section area / 12) x length

ex. 10 foot long 2 x 4
(2 x 4 / 12) x 10 = 6/67 board feet

80
Q

LVL

A

laminated veneer lumber
uses the veneers in sheets and looks like thick plywood with no crossbands

stronger, straighter, and more uniform than conventional lumber

81
Q

waferboard

A

large wafer like flakes of wood compressed and bonded into panels - largely replaced by OSB

82
Q

particleboard

A

smaller wood particles compressed and bonded into panels and used as a base material for cabinets or underlayment for resilient flooring

83
Q

fiberboard

A

very fine grained board amide of wood fibers and synthetic resin binders used in cabinets, furniture, moldings

MDF (medium density fiberboard)

84
Q

exposure durability classification

Exterior

A

suitable for use as siding or other permanently exposed applications

85
Q

exposure durability classification

Exposure 1

A

have fully waterproof glue but don’t have veneers of as high a quality as exterior. can be used for structural sheathing and subflooring

95% of structural panel products are exposure 1

86
Q

exposure durability classification

Exposure 2

A

suitable for panels that will be fully protected from weather and will be subjected to a minimum of wetting during construction

87
Q

nails for Western Red Cedar

A

Hot dipped galvanized, aluminum, and stainless steel (best option)

all others can rust and disintegrate and react with the oils present in the cedar

88
Q

carriage bolts

A

round headed bolt used for timber, threaded along the shank and inserted into holes already drilled

89
Q

lag bolts

A

heavy woodscrew with a square or hexagonal head that is driven in with a wrench

90
Q

split ring connector

A

high capacity connectors used in heavily loaded joints of timber frames and trusses

spreads the load across a much greater area of wood

91
Q

toothed plates

A

used in factory produced lightweight roof and floor trusses, inserted with hydraulic presses or mechanical rollers, and act as metal splice plates each with a very large number of built-in nails

92
Q

framed panel

A

a section of framing about 4’ wide, sheathed with a sheet of plywood, OSB, or waferboard

93
Q

stressed skin panel

A

faces are bonded with adhesive to thin wood spacers to form a structural unit

94
Q

sandwich panel

A

functions the same as a stressed skin panel but are bonded to a core of foam insulation instead of wood spacers

95
Q

headers / Rim joists / Band joists

A

crosspieces at the ends of joists

96
Q

sole plate

A

cross piece at the bottom of a wall in wood light frame construction

97
Q

top plate

A

cross piece at the top of a wall in wood light frame construction

98
Q

ridge board

A

peak where rafters are headed off in wood light frame construction

99
Q

tarpaper

A

acts as an air barrier and backup waterproofing layer

allows water vapor to pass freely so that it doesn’t accumulate on the wall

100
Q

housewraps (Tyvek)

A

airtight, vapor permeable papers made of synthetic fibers are stapled to sheathing in as large of sheets as possible to minimize seams.

101
Q

bush hammering

A

process of creating a rough, pockmarked texture on concrete or stone that resembles naturally weathered rock

102
Q 
cement established by ASTM
Type I
Type IA
Type II
Type IIA
Type III
Type IIIA
Type IV
Type V
A

Type 1 - normal (used for most construction)
Type 1A - normal, air entraining
Type II - moderate resistance to sulfate attack
Type IIA - moderate resistance, air entraining
Type III - high early strength
Type IIIA - high early strength, air entraining
Type IV - low heat of hydration (massive structures, dams)
Type V - high resistance to sulfate attack (used when in contact with water with high concentration of sulfates)

103
Q

air entrained cements

A

contain ingredients that cause microscopic air bubbles to form in the concrete during mixing which give improved workability during placement, and greatly increases the resistance of the cured concrete to damage caused by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing

used for paving and exposed concrete in cold climates

104
Q

water reducing admixtures

A

allow a reduction in the amount of mixing water while retaining the same workability, results in a higher strength concrete

105
Q

high range water reducing admixtures (superplasticizers)

A

organic compounds that transform a stiff concrete mix into one that flows freely into forms, used to help place concrete in challenging circumstances, or to reduce the water content in a mix in order to increase strength

106
Q

accelerating admixtures

A

cause concrete to cure more rapidly

107
Q

fly ash

A

a fine powder that’s a waste product from coal-fired power plants, which increases concrete strength, decreases permeability, increases sulfate resistance, reduces temperature rise during curing, reduces mixing water, improves workability

108
Q

silica fume (microsilica)

A

a powder 100x finer than portland cement, a byproduct of electronic semiconductor chip manufacturing that when added produces extremely high strength and low permeability

109
Q

blast furnace slag

A

byproduct of iron manufacture that improves workability, increases strength, reduces permeability, reduce temperature rise during curing, and improve sulfate resistance

110
Q

corrosion inhibitors

A

used to reduce rusting of rebar in structures that are exposed to road deicing salts or other corrosion causing chemicals

111
Q

absolute water cement ratio

A

0.60 - the weight of water shouldn’t be more than 60% of the weight of the portlant cement

112
Q

concrete must be kept moist until

A

its required drying strength is achieved

113
Q

column tied

A

bands are wired at required spacing and used for square, circular or rectangular columns. generally more affordable than column spirals

114
Q

column spirals

A

shipped to the construction site as tight coils that are expanded accordion style to the required spacing and wired to the vertical bars

115
Q

shotcrete

A

concrete sprayed into place pneumatically and used primarily for repairing damaged concrete on the faces of beams / columns

116
Q

precast concrete floor and roof slabs

A

solid flat spans
hollow core slabs
double tees and single tees

manufactured with a rough top and 2” topping slab is poured to unify finish and help elements act together

ARE exam (5 decks)

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