PPP Flashcards
COMMUNICABLE SKILLS OF A DR
- empathy
- honesty
- openness
- support
- share knowledge
EPIDEMIOLOGY
study of distribution, determinants & control of disease in pop.
COHORT RESEARCH
- tells us risk of developing condition & prognosis (what happens)
- expose some to disease & not to others
WHY RANDOMISE CONTROLLED TRIALS
ensures groups are similar & lower effect of risk factors
BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF DIAGNOSIS
- one universal cause of illness (e.g. not looking at genetic factors etc)
- assumes people aren’t responsible for their health (e.g. smoking & alcohol = no impact on disease)
- only explains illness simply e.g. as disordered cells
- research based on causal functions
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF DIAGNOSIS
- holistic approach (looks at every level of explanation)
- people behaviour influences their health, understands that illnesses have many causes
- looks at biological factors, psychological factors & social context
WHY DRS MUST BE ETHICAL
- increased need (patients at most vulnerable)
- medical power (we know info & patient must trust us even though relationship is unbalanced as patient faces consequences of poor choice)
- decisions (decisions we make have impacts on individuals & society e.g. end of life)
WHY MEASURE POP. HEALTH
identify prevalence (how common), incidence (new cases), difference in patterns between different population groups
PROS OF MORTALITY DATA
cheap, international disease classification allows comparability
CONS OF MORTALITY DATA
- death may be due to many diseases together, potential for error (coding & processing)
INCIDENCE RATE
(number of new cases of disease over time period) / (total population at risk x time period)
PREVALENCE
number of people with disease / total pop. at risk of disease
WHY HEALTH IS RELATIVE
societies differ in their beliefs of cause of medicine & have different models for understanding it
CRITIQUES OF BIOMEDICINE
- MEDICALISATION - non-medical issues become defined & treated as medical e.g. stress & alcoholism (occurs at Dr, internet & school level)
- IATROGENESIS - medical treatment isn’t always good due to: misdiagnosis, cascade iatrogenesis (infection from treatment which leads to side effects), structural iatrogenesis (can’t self-care so rely on hospitals)
WHY HEALTH IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
- not everyone experiences symptoms in same way
- dif. societies have dif. diagnosis & treatment models
UTILITARIANISM
- tell truth and only lie if lying has better outcome than truth
- right or wrong depends on outcome e.g. railroad
- act utilitarianism (each act evaluated separately)
- rule utilitarianism (never lie)
PROS OF UTILITARIANISM
flexible, pretty moral & intuitive
CONS OF UTILITARIANISM
- hard to predict consequence (if outcome is bad, did you make a bad decision & is it on you)
- people have no actual value in system (one person expendable in interests of many)
- one person seems to be considered more valuable than other (dr>builder)
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
- judges right or wrong based on moral code of rules rather than on the consequence
- tell truth as it is your duty
PROS OF DEONTOLOGICAL
- places value on intention (if you made decision thinking it is right and you failed, you still tried to help)
- accords human being moral worth (people aren’t expendable)
CONS OF DEONTOLOGICAL
- always cases that don’t fit the rules
- always acts that cause suffering in defence of a principle
VIRTUE ETHICS
- having right values & also practical wisdom (learning from a tutor e.g. telling truth cos that is what a good person would do)
PROS OF VIRTUE ETHICS
- proves to be good as we do actually use what our mentors teach us
- understands that we are just developing
CONS OF VIRTUE ETHICS
- doesn’t help with decision making (who is actually a good role model or are you just picking role model)
- takes time to develop virtue, encourages perfectionism (compared to fictional perfect Dr)