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MEDICINE > NAS W5 - BRAIN > Flashcards

NAS W5 - BRAIN Flashcards

1
Q

BRAIN EMBRYOLOGY

A
  1. neural tube differentiates to 3 distinct primary vesicles (forebrain, midbrain & hindbrain)
  2. forebrain & hindbrain each differentiate to 2 further secondary vesicles, but midbrain remains unchanged (leads to 5 secondary vesicles of brain)
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2
Q

BRAIN DIVISIONS

A
  • divided to sensory brain (to perceive senses) & motor brain (purposeful movements)
  • frontal lobe - intellect, language, personality
  • parietal lobe receives & processes somaesthetic sensory (useful for senses/perceptions of body surface & internal organs)
  • temporal lobe used for hearing
  • occipital lobe used for visual information
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3
Q

NEURONE TYPES

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

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4
Q

GREY/WHITE MATTER

A
  • in brain, outside is grey (cell bodies) & inside is white (myelin)
  • in spinal cord, outside is grey (myelin) & inside is white (cell bodies)
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5
Q

GYRUS

A

the ridges in the brain (gaps between gyrus are sulcus)

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6
Q

FISSURES (MAJOR SULCI)

A
  • central sulcus separates frontal & parietal lobes
  • lateral fissure separates temporal lobe from parietal & frontal
  • parieto-occipital sulcus separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe
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7
Q

DIENCEPHALON (THALAMIC MASSES)

A
  • part of forebrain

- divided into thalamus & hypothalamus

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8
Q

THALAMUS

A
  • sits on either side of 3rd ventricle
  • has thalamic nuclei (group of neurones) which act as switchboards to control what sensory info reaches cerebrum & how motor commands from frontal lobes are distributed downstream
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9
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A
  • controls homeostasis

- below thalamus & extends inferiorly to form posterior part of pituitary gland

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10
Q

EPITHALAMUS

A

houses the pineal gland which releases melatonin & is involved in control of our circadian rhythms

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11
Q

BRAINSTEM

A
  • made of midbrain, pons & medulla

- houses 10 of the cranial nerves

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12
Q

MIDBRAIN

A
  • vision, hearing, arousal, motor control, sleep, wakefulness
  • lies above & below cerebral aqueduct
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13
Q

CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

A

joins 3rd & 4th ventricles allowing CSF to flow between them

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14
Q

HINDBRAIN

A

consists of pons, medulla oblongata & cerebellum

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15
Q

PONS

A
  • connected to cerebellum by cerebellar peduncles & coordinates activity of cerebellum
  • houses neurones for regulating respiratory rhythm
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16
Q

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

contains neurones regulating resp, HR, vomiting

17
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

connected to dorsal side of brainstem & involved in fine motor control & memory of motor skills (e.g. bike ride)

18
Q

MENINGES

A

3 layers (PAD) of connective tissue which completely cover brain, spinal cord: pia mater (super thin & closely adheres to brain surface & covers surface of gyri & sulci), arachnoid (slightly thicker & has the blood vessels & the role is to hold the liquid CSF in subarachnoid space (which also contains cerebral blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood to brain & the veins that drain into venous sinuses)), Dura mater (thickest layer & most superficial & protects brain from physical trauma)

19
Q

MENINGEAL LAYER (PAD)

A

tightly adhered to endosteal layer (the periosteum of skull bones) unless there are Dural venous sinuses (in this case, the 2 layers of dura meter are separated)

20
Q

ROLE OF CSF

A

provide cushioning & buoyancy to brain to protect it from high-energy impacts

21
Q

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB)

A
  • ensures that blood vessels of CNS are tightly sealed (by semipermeable border of endothelial cells with tight junctions between them) to prevent their contents from directly communicating with CNS tissues
  • BBB restricts passage of pathogens, diffusion of solutes & large molecules into CSF but allows diffusion of hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, hormones)
22
Q

TRAUMA

A
  • coup contrecoup (coup injury is brain bruise under point of impact but contrecoup injury is on opposite side of brain from where impact occurred)
  • Shaking baby syndrome (brain moves around & this can lead to damage of nerves)
23
Q

VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles & also 3rd & 4th
  • 3rd & 4th linked by cerebral aqueduuct
  • CSF produced in choroid plexus (in the 2 lateral ventricles)
  • after leaving 4th ventricle, CSF flows into spine & surrounds brain
24
Q

HYDROCEPHALUS

A

brain damage due to excess pressure as CSF flow blocked

MEDICINE (27 decks)

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