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PPL > PPL HF > Flashcards

PPL HF Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

A

colds, hay fever, bacteria

  • build up of mucus or inflammation of the mucus membrane creates cohesion of air passage and sinuses
  • results in pressure build up
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2
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms

A
  • blocked nose
  • pressued build up in the face (possible swelling)
  • headache
  • general unwell feeling
  • infected
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3
Q

Class 2 Medical

A
  • valid 4 years for person below 40 years

- valid 2 years for people above 40 years

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4
Q

ill for a private pilot need to see DAME in how many days

A

30 days

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5
Q

Middle ear

A
  • used for hearing
  • consists of the hammer, anvil and stirrup to amplify vibration from ear drum to the cochlea
  • vibration are converted to electrical impulses to the brain
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6
Q

Eustachian Tube

A
  • connects the middle ear to the upper part of the throat
    used to even out pressure each side fo the eardrum during changes in pressure
  • if blocked, most discomfort during descent (barotruama)
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7
Q

Inner ear - vestibular apparatus

A
  • balance
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8
Q

semi circular canals

A
  • located above the cochlea
  • hollow loops filled and lots of tiny hair follicles (cuplua)
  • sense angular acceleration
  • slow rate can go undetected
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9
Q

Otolith Organ

A
  • located above the cochlea
  • consists of UTRICLE (horizontal) and Saccule (vertical)
  • senses linear acceleration
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10
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A
  • visual-most dominant roll in sense of blanace
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11
Q

Cornea

A

film protects the eye and help the lens focus light on to the retina
- held in shape by the aqueous humour

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12
Q

lens

A

adjusted in shape by ciliary muscles to focus on object at different distance

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13
Q

Iris

A

coloured part of the eye, changes shape in response to light intensity

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14
Q

Pupil

A

aperture of the eye allowing light to reach the retina

- varied in size by the iris

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15
Q

Retina

A
  • back of the eye
  • contain the fovea: most sensitive area for fine detail
  • contain two type of cells (cones and rods)
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16
Q

Cones

A
  • located centrally around the fovea
  • require high level of light to function
  • utilised for colour and fine detail
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17
Q

Rods

A
  • located around the cones
  • not sensitive to colour
  • operate best in low light level
  • dark adaption take approx 30min
  • deteriorate within seconds of exposure to bright light
  • strong glare in the day will adversely affect night vision for up to a week
  • red filter used in night flying
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18
Q

Optic Nerve

A
  • transmit visual information to the brain

- create a blind spot

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19
Q

Hyperopia (long sightedness)

A

corrected using convex lens

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20
Q

Mypoia (short sightness)

A

corrected using concave lens

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21
Q

Astigmatism

A

irregularities in the cornea and the lens causes distortion of different parts of the object to different degree of blurring some parts

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22
Q

Presbyopia

A
  • natural condition of aging

- lens become less flexible with age and difficulty is experienced focusing on nearby objects in low light

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23
Q

Collision Avoidance

A
  • if another aircraft is on converging course, it will remain at a fixed point on the wind shield
  • brain perceives movement more readily than stationary objects
  • aircraft fixed in the wind shield will be harder to spot
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24
Q

Saccade/Rest cycle

A
  • scan 10-15* of the horizon at internals to allow the eyes time to capture the frame and the brain to perceive the information
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25
Q

Disorientation

A

conflict of senses create confusion at the brain

- with no accurate visual reference, brain misinterpret the signals

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26
Q

Flicker Vertigo

A
  • similar effect to a strobe light

- certain frequencies distraction, disorientation and nausea

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27
Q

Empty Field Mypoia

A
  • no distant object for the eyes to focus = ciliary muscles relax
  • eye takes up their rest focus of above 1-2m
  • aircraft moving into field of vision may not seen
  • to resolve, regularly focus eyes on parts of the aircraft and distant defined objects
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28
Q

Autokinesis

A

eye makes regular small jerky movement

- if a person fixates on a distant feature with no other reference –> appears through it is moving erratically

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29
Q

Bright side up

A

if in cloud and the sun strikes it obliquely –> pilot may believe the wing arent level
- bank the aircraft bright is up and enter a gradual turn

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30
Q

Black Hole approach

A
  • approach path is over featureless terrain at night depth perception is made difficult
  • consider themselves to be high on the approach = so correct
  • leads to getting very low before the illusion is realised
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31
Q

Sloping Terrain on Approach

A
  • believe they are closer to or further from the ground than they should b
  • attempt to correct
  • terrain slopes down towards the threshold –> believe they are low when in fact of profile
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32
Q

Sloping Runway

A
  • sloping runway will change the aspect on the correct approach path
  • believe they are higher or lower than normal
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33
Q

Runway Dimensions

  • narrow + long runways
  • -> illusion that the a/c is low
A
  • -> illusion that the a/c is high when actually on profile

- -> illusion that the a/c is low when on profile

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34
Q

Wide Runways

narrow runway

A
  • -> flare to high

- -> flare to low

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35
Q

Water on windshield

A
  • heavy layer of water –> light refract and the runway to appear in a different position to what it actually is
  • get low on the approach when trying to correct
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36
Q

The leans

A
  • vestibular apparatus does not respond to very slow acceleration
  • if the aircraft rolled very gradually left –> pilot may not notice
  • correction to wing levels is more deliberate and detected by the vestibular system
  • produce an uncomfortable feeling the a.c is banked in the opposite direction
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37
Q

Coriolis illusion

A
  • semicircular canals are set in three planes
  • turn each is stimulated detecting acceleration in the plane
  • if the pilot tilts their head in the turn the canals suddenly change the planes they detect
  • change in fluid movement for all canals = disorientation
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38
Q

Pressure Vertigo

A
  • pressure builds up in the inner ear due to a blocked eustachian tube
  • disturb vestibular apparatus
  • potiential –> disorientation + nausea
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39
Q

Graveyard Spiral/Spin

A
  • results from combination of illusion and inexperience with instrument
  • pilot applies inappropriate inputs
  • normally enters spiral dive or spin it may be unrecoverable
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40
Q

Acceleration Error

A

-accelerating level flight = the body is foreced back into -the seat and the vestibular apparatus detects an acceleration

  • after take-off –> think the nose is pitching up excessively
  • to correct, pilot response to pitch the nose down aggravating the illusion
  • opposite occurs when decelerating a stall and resulting spin
41
Q

Factors affecting illusion

A

colds + illness
stress
fatigue

42
Q

Overcoming illusion

A
  • focus on a reliable visual reference (true horizon and artifical horizon)
43
Q

Circulation

A
  • heart is centrally located muscle = acts as a pump, forcing blood to various part of the body
  • oxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs where oxygen is called and CO2 is left to be exhaled
  • oxygen attaches to haemoglobin and is carried back the heart to complete the process again
44
Q

Partial pressure and respiration

A

oxygen transferred from the lings to the haemoglobin it must pass through the Alveoli membrane
-partial pressure falls too low = breathing apparatus will required to ensure sufficient oxygen is attached

45
Q

Hyxpoia

A
  • occur due to starvation of oxygen

- no oxygen is present the condition (hypoxia)

46
Q

Hypoxic Hypoxia

A

due to a lack of oxygen in the air

47
Q

Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

Body tissue is unable to absorb oxygen from the bloodstream

48
Q

Anemic Hypoxia

A

blood is unstable to carry oxygen

49
Q

Stagnant hypoxia

A

results due to heart problem

50
Q

Effect of Hypoxia

A

brained is starved of oxygen –> clarity of thought and physical capabiliity will be reduced
above 4000 Night effect
10,000 - supplementary oxygen must be provided

51
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A 
Colourless, odourless, tasteless gas 
highly toxic 
bond with haemoglobin over oxygen 
caused deprivation of oxygen in the blood stream - exhaust gas 
cigraette
52
Q

Symptoms of Co-poisoning

A
  • initial feeling of euphoria
  • light headed, dizzy
    Cherry red
  • confusion
    -unconsciousness
    -death
53
Q

Long term Damage Co-posioning

A
  • heart dysfunction

- brain damage

54
Q

Detection Co-poisoning

A
  • co detector
  • visual
  • audible
55
Q

Symptoms Co-posioning

More severe symptoms

A
  • stop the source
  • remove from the environment
  • remove from the environment
  • immediately administer oxygen
  • seek help stop the source
56
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  • due to the onset rapid of breathing
  • self perpetuating cycle a feeling of breathlessness in the sufferer + further anxiety
  • fright generating the fight or flight response
  • bodies adrenaline levels and heart rate increase, in preparation to provide invrease oxygen levels to the muscles
  • no actual physical exercise, oxygen levels in the body quickly increase whilst carbon dioxide level reduce
  • produces the commonly felt light headed + weak feeling
57
Q

Treatment for hyperventilation

A
  • calm the person down + slow breathing
  • getting the person to talk, drink water or breathe
  • breathing into paper bag allows essentially rebreathe the exhaled carbon dixoide
58
Q

Motion Sickness

A
  • nausea due to motion

- arises due to over stimulation of the vestibular apparatus –> suffere to become disorientated

59
Q

Aggravation of motion sickness

A
  • turbulence
  • heat
  • humidity
  • smell
  • alcohol, fatigue or greasy meals
  • High G
  • anxiety
  • unfamiliar
60
Q

Motion Sickness Resolve

A

Medication, Fly smoothly, desentiziation

61
Q

Accerelation and effect of G force

A
  • force exerted on the body due to acceleration in a linear or radial direction
  • experienced during take-off roll, whilst radial acceleration is experienced in a steep turn at a constant IAS
62
Q

load Factor

A

bodies evolved to support themselves + our heart has to evolved to pump blood around the body

  • g force were to increase psotiivley above 1 G –> feet would be heavier and work harder to maintain an upright position
  • heart would work harder to pump blood at greater pressure
  • automonous muscles have no real cntrol
  • g forces increase = amount of blood + oxygen reaching the upper body starts to reduce
  • little storage of sugar in the upper body –> effect on our vision and level consicouness
63
Q

Grey out
blackout
6g and above

A

3.5G
depletion of sugar levels in the eyes affect vision
5g
average person –> gloc

64
Q

Factors affecting tolerance to G

A
  • level of health and fitness
  • rate at which G was exeterd / how long it was sustained for
  • height
  • stress and fatigue
  • G suit
  • Anti G straining manoeuvre
65
Q

Stress

A
  • part of everyday life

- accumulative

66
Q

Arousal

A
  • state of alertness
  • high level of arousal produces the best performance
  • when increases to anxiety = performance decrease
  • complete task effectively
  • stimulus increase arousal increases
67
Q

Stressor work related

A
  • tests
  • workload
  • bullying
  • expectation
68
Q

Domestic stressors

A
  • moving
  • death
  • divorce
69
Q

Environmental stressors

A
  • noise
  • vibration
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • turbulence
  • weather
70
Q

Acute Stress

A
  • respond to or resolve a stressors immediately
  • part of everyday life
  • no professional help required
  • temporary stress caused by stressors
71
Q

Chronic Stress

A
  • endured for a long period of time
  • result of many stressors or one severe stressors
  • domestic or work related stressors
  • professional help is commonly sought
72
Q

Mental Stress symptoms

A

mental blocks
forgetfulness
inability to concentrate
deferring decisions

73
Q

Physical stress symptoms

A 
high pulse rate 
dryness of the mouth 
excessive sweating 
headaches 
body pains
74
Q

Emotional stress symptoms

A 
depression 
anxiety 
frustration 
guilt 
mood swings 
short temper
75
Q

Emotional Stress symptoms

A 
Depression 
anxiety 
frustration 
guilt 
moods swing 
short temper
76
Q

behavioural stress symptoms

A 
high alcohol consumption 
overheating 
smoking 
unexpected absence 
nervous trembling in voice 
daydreaming
77
Q

Response to stressors Alarm

A

symptoms of stress become highly noticeable

adrenaline is released and the body prepared for flight/fight

78
Q

Resistance (response to stressors)

A
  • body combats the stressors (internal/external)
  • plateau is reached where moderate performance is achieved
  • sense of not giving is felt
79
Q

Collapse (response to stressors)

A
  • body burns up physical and psychological energy it simply gives in
  • signs of collapse fatigue,anxiety,depressions
80
Q

Stress Coping Strategies (cognitive)

A
  • rationalising the situation
  • replacing the stressors with other thoughts
  • emotional detachment
  • professional help = utilise cognitive coping as an strategy for treatment
81
Q

Stress Coping Strategies (action)

A
  • physcially remove yourself from the environment

- doing something about the stressors

82
Q

Symptoms directed (stress)

A

not resolving the issue but deferring it
symptoms directed treatment is temporary
alcoholism
drug abuse

83
Q

Factors coping with stress

A 
general health 
personality 
comfortable and organised personal life 
well rested 
well practised / prepared 
apptitude for the task 
- more intellectual people and more susceptible to chronic stress
84
Q

Fatigue

A

extreme tiredness

85
Q

Actue Fatigue

A

Caused by long day
tough temporary environment (extreme temperature, humdity)
fixed by a nights rest

86
Q

Chronic Fatigue

A 
caused underlying issues 
stress-anxiety 
professional help needed 
not resolved by a restful night sleep 
change in life style needed
87
Q

Causes of fatigue

A

lack of restful sleep
out of sync body rhythm (jet lag)
poor diet
poor fitness

88
Q

Symptoms and affects of fatigue

A
  • inability to concentrate/perform task
  • monotonous and complex tasks show sign of deterioration first
  • motor skills (coordination) and sensory perception (sa) will be affected
  • poor memory recall
  • poor task management
  • slow reactions
  • Forgetting ( radio calls, checklists, sops )
89
Q

BODY RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN CYCLE

A
  • numerous cycles demonstrating variation in performance of activities + arousal at different hours of the day
  • cycle = 25 hours - 24 hours
  • post prandal dip = reduction in arousal just afternoon (whether food is consumed or not)
90
Q

Sleep wake Cycle

A
  • typical person requires 8 hours of sleep per 24 hours
  • 1hr = 2 hrs credit
  • sleep most effective when in tune with body rhythms
91
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

1-4= non REM (to rest and repair body)
5=rem (to repair mentally)
90 mins
- each stage shows distinct brain activity
- half of total sleep consists fo stage 2 sleep
Stage 5 = REM = paxadoxial sleep due to the brain shows acitivity silimar to being awake
-rem stage = vivid dream

92
Q

Factors negatively affecting sleeps

A
  • poor diet
  • regular excessive alcohol consumption (binge drinking)
  • stress (brain is active)
  • environment (situational insomnia)
  • attempting to sleep outside of the circadian rhythm
  • late exercise
  • caffeinne
  • smoking
93
Q

Alcohol On sleep

A
  • consumption of alcohol prior to sleeping will lead to reduced REM sleep
  • early awakening due to lack of restful sleep
  • produce fatigue
  • excessive alcohol consumption, hangover can last for more than 48 hours
94
Q

Insomnia

A
  • sleep to remian alseep as long as desired
  • results in
  • irritability
  • stress
  • fatigue
95
Q

Situational Insomnia

A
  • caused by the environment (temperature, humidity, noise)

- lack of familiarity with the environment

96
Q

Clinical Insomnia

A
  • familiar with surroundings but still unstable to sleep
97
Q

Nervous Insomnia

A
  • caused by anxiety

- acute fatigue

98
Q

Chronic

A
  • long term inability
  • classified as a disorder
  • ->Family History
  • emotionally/psycholigically
  • illness,allergies,ongoing pain
  • regular alcohol or drug abuse

PPL (6 decks)

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