POH C172 Flashcards
Speed Maximum at Sea Level
126 knots
Cruise, 75% Power at 8500ft
124 knots
Cruise:Recommended lean mixture with fuel allowance for engine start, taxi, takeoff, climb + 45min reserve. 75% Power at 8500ft ... Range - 53 gallons useable fuel Range, 45% Power at 10,000 ft 53 gallons usable fuel fuel - time
Range - 518 NM
Time - 4.26 hours
Range - 638nm
Time - 6.72 hours
Rate of climb at sea level
730 FPM
Service ceiling
14,000ft
Takeoff Performance
Ground Roll
total distance over 50 foot obstacle -
Ground Roll - 960 ft
total distance over 50 foot obstacle - 1630
Landing Performance
Ground Roll
Total distance over 50 foot obstacle
575
1335
Stall Speed
Flaps up, Power idle 53 KCAS
Flaps FULL, power idle 48 KCAS
Maximum Weight
Ramp
Takeoff
landing
Ramp - 2558
Takeoff - 2550 pounds
Landing - 2550
Standard empty Weight
1663 Pounds
Maximum usefull load
895 pounds
Baggage allowance
120 pounds
Wing Loading
14.7 lbs/sq . ft
Power Loading
14.2 lbs.HP
Fuel Capacity
56 Gallons
Oil Capacity
Sump
Total
8 quartz
9 quartz
Engine
Textron Lycoming IO-360-L2A 180 BHP at 2700 RPM
Propeller Manufacturer Propeller model number Number of blades Propeller diameter /minimum Propeller type
Mccauley Propeller System
1A170E / JHA7660
2
Fixed pitch Propeller, Diameter 76 Inches - 75 inches
Wheel base length
65.0 inches
Propeller ground clearance
11.25 inches
Wing Area
174.0 square feet
Minimum turning radius (pivot point to outboard wing tip)
27.0 feet, 5.50 inches
Normal ground attitude is shown with nose strut
2 inches of strut and wing level
Number of Engine
1
Engine type
Normally aspirated, direct drive, air-cooled, horizontally opposed, fuel injected, four cylinder engine with 360.0 cu in displacement
Approved Fuel Grades
100LL Grade Aviation Fuel (blue)
100 Grade aviation fuel (green)
Fuel Capacity Total Capacity Total Usable Total Capacity each Tank Total Usable Each Tank
56.0 USG
53 USG
28 USG
26.5 USG
Oil Specification
MIL-L-6082 or SAE J1966 Aviation Grade Straight Mineral Oil
- first 25 hours
- drained and filtered after the first 25 hours of operation till the 50 hours has accumulated
MIL-L-22851 or SAE J1899 Aviation Grade ashless dispersant oil
- used after the first 50 hours of oil consumption
Maximum Certified Weights (normal utility)
Ramp
Takeoff
Landing
2558
2208
2550
2200
2550
2200
Weight in Baggage compartment Normal
Area A
Area B
120 pounds
50 pounds
Combined 120
Rear seat must not be occupied and the baggage must be empty
Standard Empty weight
1663 pounds
Maximum usefull load, Normal
895 pounds
maximum usefull load, Utilizy
545 pounds
Wing loading
14.7 lbs/sq.ft
Power loading
14.2 lbs/HP
KCAS
knots calibrated a/s
indicated airspeed corrected for position and instrument error and expressed in knots
KCAS = KTAS at sea level
KIAS
speed shown on airspeed indicator
VA
2550
2200
1900
Maneuvering speed - maximum speed at which full or abrupt control movement may be used without overstressing the airframe 105 98 90 VA=Vb
Vfe
flaps 10
flaps 10 to full
maximum flap extended speed - is the highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position
110
85
Do not exceed this speed with flaps down
Vno
Maximum structural cruising speed is the speed that should not be exceeded except in smooth air, only with caution
129
Vne
never exceed speed - speed limit that may not be exceeded at any time
163
Vs
Stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed is the minimum speed at which a/c is controllable
Vso
stalling speed/minimum steady flight speed is the minimum speed at which the airplane is controllable in the landing configuration at the most forward centre of gravity
Vx
best angle of climb speed is the speed which results in greatest gain of altitude in a given horizontal distance
Vy
best rate of climb speed which results in the greatest gain in altitude in a given time
Static RPM
engine speed attained during a full throttle engine runup when the airplane is on the ground and stationary
Demonstrated Crosswind Velocity
velocity of the crosswind component for which adequate control of the airplane during takeoff and landing during the demonstrated test
Usable Fuel
- fuel available for flight planning
Unusable Fuel
- quantity of fuel that can not be safely used in flight
Course Datum
- compass reference used by the autopilot, along with course deviation, to provide lateral control when tracking a navigation signal
Reference Datum
- imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal distances are measured for balance purposes
Station
location along the a/c fuselage given in terms of the distance from the reference datum
Arm
horizontal distance from the reference datum to the center of gravity of an item
Moment
product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm
Basic empty weight
standard weight plus weight of optional equipment
Usefull load
difference between ramp weight + basic empty weight
MAC
mean aerodynamic chord - imaginary rectangular airfoil having the same pitching moments throughout the flight range as that of the actual wing
Maximum ramp weight
- maximum weight approved for ground maneuver + includes the wieght of fuel used for start, taxi, runup
Maximum takeoff weight
- maximum weight approved for the start of the takeoff roll
maximum landing weight
- maximum weight approved for the landing touchdown
maximum window speed
163
Red Arc
20-40
low airspeed warning
White Arc
40-85
Full flap operating range
lower limit is maximum weight Vso in landing configuration
Upper limit is maximum speed permissible with flaps extended
Green Arc
48-129
Normal operating range
Lower limit is maximum weight Vs1 at most forward C.G with flaps retracted
Upper limit is maximum structural cruising speed
Yellow Arc
129-163 Operations must be conducted with caution + only in smooth air
Red Line
163
maximum speed for all operations
Static RPM range
2300-2400
maximum oil temperature
245* (118*C)
Oil Pressure, minimum
20 PSI
Oil Pressure, Maximum
115 PSI
Centre of gravity Range (normal)
Forward
Aft
Reference datum
35.0 inches aft of datum at 1950 pounds or less, with straight line variation to 41.0 inches aft of datum at 2550 pounds
47.3 inches aft of datum at all weight
Lower portion of front face of firewall
Centre of gravity range (utility)
Forward
aft
Reference datum
35.0 inches aft of datum 1950 pounds or less with straight line variation to 37.5 inches aft of datum at 2200 pounds
40.5 inches aft of datum at all weight
Lower portion of front face of firewall
Maneuver Limits (normal)
normal flying stalls, lazy eight, chandelles, turn which is not more than 60*
Chandelles 105 knots
Lazy eights 105 knots
Steep turns 95 knots
stalls (except whip stalls) - slow deceleration
Abrupt use of the controls is prohibited above 105kts
Maneuver Limits (utility)
rear seat must not be occupied + baggage compartment must be empty
Chandelles - 105 kts
lazy eights - 105 kts
steep turns - 95 kts
Spins - slow deceleration
stalls - slow deceleration
Abrupt use of controls is prohibited above 98 knots
Flight load Factors limits (normal)
2550 pounds
Flaps up: +3.8g, -1.52g
Flaps FULL: +3.0g
Flight load factors limit (utility)
2200 pounds
Flaps up:+4.4g, 1.76g
Flaps Full: +3.0g
Kinds of operation equipment list (VFR DAY)
GFC-700 G1000 Reference guide Forward avionic fan Aft avionic fan 24V main battery 28v alternator Main ammeter seat belt assembly shoulder harness flap position indicator flap motor elevator trim system elevator trim indicator electric fuel pump fuel quantity L + R stall warning system System annunciator / warning displays
Kind of operation equipment list (VFR Day part 2)
Strobe light system g1000 a/s indicator g1000 ALT Non-stabilised magnetic compass Fuel Flow indicator Tachometer oil pressure indicator oil temperature indicator Engine crankcase dipstick
Fuel Limitation
Total fuel
Usable fuel (all flight conditions)
Unusable fuel
56 gallons (28 each) 53 gallons (26.5) 3.0 gallons (1.5 )
Maximum slip or skid duration with one tank dry
30 seconds
Approved t/o range (flaps)
Approved l/d range
up to 10*
up to full
AUX audio in entertainment input when is it prohibited
connected portable electronic devices
prohibited during t/o and landing
during IFR
will not cause interference with navigation/comms
12V power system
prohibited during
IFR?
power suppy/connected portable electronic devices
takeoff and landing
under IFR,
will not cause interference to navigation/comms
Engine Failure after takeoff
wing flaps up
wing falps 10* - Full
- 70KIAS
- 65 kias
maneuvering speed
2550 pounds
2200 pounds
1900 pounds
105kias
98 kias
90 kias
maximum glide
68 kias
precautionary landing with engine power
65kias
Landing without engine power
Wing Flaps UP
Wing Flaps 10* - FULL
70Kias
65kias
Engine Failures during takeoff roll
- throttle control - IDLE (pull full out)
- brakes - apply
- wing flaps - retract
- mixture control - idle cutoff (pull full out)
- magnetos switch - OFF
- STBY batt - off
- master switch (ALT and BAT) - off
Engine failure immediately after takeoff
- airspeed - 70kias - flaps up
65 kias - flaps* - FULL - mixture control - idle cutoff (pull full out)
- fuel shutoff valve - off (pull full out)
- magneto switch - off
- wing flaps - as required (full recommended)
- stby batt switch - off
- master switch (alt and Bat) - off
- cabin door - unlatch
- land - straight ahead
Engine failure during flight
- airspeed - 68kias (best glide speed)
- fuel shutoff valve - ON (push full in)
- fuel selector valve - both
- fuel pump switch - on
- mixture control - rich (if restart has not occured)
- magneto switch - both (or start if propeller is stopped)
if the propeller is windwilling, engine will restart automatically within a few second
- if propeller has stopped, turn magnetos switch to start, advance throttle slowly from idle and lean the mixture from full rich - fuel pump switch - off
if FFLOW gph drops to 0
return the fuel pump switch to the ON position
Emergency landing without engine power
- pilot and passenger seat backs - most upright position
- seats and seat belts - secure
- airspeed - 70kias - flaps up
65 kias - flaps 10* - full
4.mixture control - idle cutoff (pull full out)
5.fuel shutoff valve - off(pull full out)
6.magneto switch - off - wing flaps - as required (full recommended)
- stby batt switch - off
- master switch (alt and BAt) - off (when landing is assured)
- doors - unlatch prior to touchdown
- touchdown - slightly tail low
- brakes - apply heavily
precautionary landing with engine power
- pilot and passenger seat backs - most upright position
- seats and seat belts - secure
- airspeed - 65 kias
- wing flaps - 20kias
- selected field - fly over (noting terrain and obstruction)
- wing flaps - FULL (on final approach)
- airspeed - 65 kias
- stby batt switch - off
- master switch (alt and batt) - off (when landing assured)
- doors - unlatch prior to touchdown
- touchdown - slightly tail low
- mixture control - idle cutoff (pull full out)
- magneto switch - off
- brakes -apply heavily
Forced landing
Ditching
- radio - transmit MAYDAY 121.5
- heavy objects - secure or jettison
3.pilot and passenger seat backs - most upright position
4.seats and seat belts - secure
5.wing flaps - 20* - full - power - establish 300ft/min descent at 55kias
if no power is available, approach at 70kias with flaps up or at 65kias with flaps 10*
7.approach - high wind, heavy seas - into the wind
light winds, heavy swells - parralle to swells - cabin doors - unlatch
- touchdown - level attitude at established rate of descent
- face - cushion at touchdown
- elt -activate
- airplane - evacuate through cabin doors
if necessary, open window + flood cabin to equalise pressure so doors can be opened - life vests and raft - inflate when clear of airplane
During start on ground
- magneto switch - start (continue cranking to start the engine)
If engine starts - power - 1800 RPM ( for a few minute)
- engine - shutdown (insepct for damage)
If engine fails to start - throttle control - full (push full in)
- mixture control - idle cutoff (pull full out)
- magneto switch - start (continue cranking)
- fuel shutoff valve - off (pull full out)
- fuel pump switch - off
- magneto switch - off
- stby batt - off
- master (alt and bat) - off
- engine - secure
- parking brake - release
- fire extinguisher - obtain (have ground attendant obtain if not installed)
- airplane - evacuate
- fire - extinguish (using fire extinguisher, wool blanket, or dirt)
- fire damage - inspect (rapir or replace damaged components and wiring before conducting another flight)
Engine fire in flight
- mixture control - idle cutoff(pull full out)
- fuel shutoff valve - off (pull full out)
- fuel pump switch - off
- master switch (alt and bat) - off
- cabin vents - open (as needed)
- cabin ht and cabin air control knobs - off (push full in )(to avoid drafts)
- airspeed - 100 kias (if fire is not extinguished, increase glide speed to find an airspeed, within airspeed limitatios, which will provide an incombustible mixture)
- forced landing - execute (refer to emergency landing without engine power)
Electrical fire in flight
- stby batt - off
- master (alt and batt) - off
- cabin vents - closed (to avoid draft)
- cabin HT and Cabin air control knows - off
- fire extinguisher - activiate ( if available)
- avionics switch (bus 1 and bus 2) - off
- all other switches (except magneto switch ) off
make sure all fire is extingusihed - cabin vents open
- cabin HT and cabin air knob - on
10.circuit breaker - check (open, do not reset) - master switch - ON
- stby batt switch - arm
- avionics switch b1 and b2 - on
Cabin Fire
- stby batt switch - off
- master switch - off
- cabin vents closed (avoid draft)
- cabin ht and cabin air control kbos - off (push full in) to avoid draft
- fire extinguisher - activate (if available)
make sure all fire is extinguished
6.cabin vents - open (when sure that fire is completely extinguished) - cabin HT and cabin air control knob - on
8.land the airplane as soon possible to inspect for damage
Wing Fire
- land and taxi light switches - off
2.NAV light switch - off - strobe light switch - off
- pitot heat switch - off
Perform a slideslip to keep the flames away from the fuel tank and cabin
Land as soon as possible using flaps only as required for final approach and touchdown
Icing inadvertent icing encounter during flight
- pitot heat - on
- turn back or change altitude
- cabin ht control knob - ON (pull full out)
- defroster control outlets - opens (to obtain maximum windshield defroster airflow)
- cabin air control knob - adjust (to obtain maximum defroster heat and airflow)
Static Source Blockage
- alt static air valve - on (pull full out)
- cabin vents - closed
- cabin HT and Cabin air control knobs - on
- airspeed
Fuel Flow stabilization procedures
if flow fluctuations of 1 GPH or more, or power surges
- Fuel Pump - ON
- mixture control - adjust (as necessary for smooth engine operations)
- fuel selector valve - select opposite tank (if vapour symptoms continue )
- fuel pump switch - off (after ff has stabilised)
landing with flat main tire
- approach - normal
- wing flaps - full
- touchdown - good main tire first (hold airplane off flat tire as long as possible with aileron control)
- directional control - maintain (using brake on good wheel as required)
landing with a flat nose tire
- approach - normal
- wing flaps - as required
85 to 110 kias - flaps up - 10
below 85 kias - flaps 10* - full - touchdown - on mains (hold nosewheel off the ground as long as possible)
- when nosewheel touches down, maintain full up elevator as airplane slows to stop
High volts annunciator comes on or M batt amps more than 40
- master switch (alt) - off
- electrical load - reduce
a) avionics
b) pitot heat
c) beacon
d) land
e) taxi
f) nav
g) strobe light
h) cabin pwr 12V
- when M bus volts fall sbelow 20 volts, standby battery system will supply electrical power to the essential bus for at least 30 mins
- Com 1, Nav 1, Mic
before turning avionics bus 2 because it cannot be tuned
i)com 1 and nav 1 - tune to active frequency
j) com 1 mic and nav 1 - select
Avionics bus 2 is set to OFF
ap, comm2, transponder, audio panel, nav 2, mfd
k) avionics bus 2 - off - land asap before turning flap = most electrical load
Low volts annunciator comes on below 1000
- throttle control - 1000RPM
- low volts annuncaitor - check off
Low volts annuncaitor remians on at 1000rpm - authorised maintenance personnel must do electrical system inspection pror to next flight
Low volts annunciator comes on or does not go off at higher RPM
- MASTER switch (ALT) - off
- alt field circuit breaker - check in
- master ALT and BAT - on
- low volts annuncaitors - check off
- m BUS volts - check 27.5 V (minimum)
6.M batt amps - check charging +
If low volts annunciator remains on - master switch (alt only) - off
8.electrical load - reduce immediaetly
a) avionics (bus 1) - off
b)pitot heat - off
c) beacon - off
d) land - off
e) taxi - off
f) nav
g) strobe
h) cabin pwr 12v switch - off
main battery supplies electrical power to the main and essential buses
i) com 1 and NAV 1 - tune active frequency
j) com 1 mic and nav 1 - select
Autopilot comm 2 transponder audio panel
nav 2 MFD
9, land as soon as practical
Red X - PFD A/s indicator
- ADC/AHRS circuit breaker - check in
if open, reset circuit breaker. If circuit breaker opens again, do not reset - standby airspeed indicator - a/s
Red X - PDF altitude indicator
- adc/ahrs circuit breaker - check in (ess bus and aven bus 1) if open reset circuit breaker. if circuit breaker open again, do not reset
- standby altimeter - check current barometric pressure set
Red X - PFD attitude indcaitor
- adc/ahrs circuit breaker - check in. If open, reset circuit breaker. If circuit braker opens again, do not reset
- standby attitude indicator - use for attitude information
Red X horizontal situation indcaitor HSI
- adc/ahrs circuit breaker - check in (essen bus and avn bus 1)
if open reset circuit breaker opens again, do not reset - non stabilized magnetic ompass - use for heading
Ap or Ptrm annuncaitor come on
- control wheel - grasp firmly
- a/p trim disc button - press and hold
- elevator trim control - adjust manually
- auto pilot circuit breaker - open (pull out)
- a/p trim disc button - release
do not engage ap until the cause of the malfunction has been corrected
Low vaccum annunciator comes on
- vacuum indicator vac - check eis engine page (make sure vacuum pointer is in green band limits)
Co lvl high annunciator come on
- cabin ht control knob - off
- cabin air control knob - on
- cabin vents - open
- cabin windows - open (163)
co level annuncaitor remains on
5 land as soon as practical
Static source blocked
alternate static source air valve should be pulled on
ALT static air valve is on = maximum airspeed variation from normal static source is 11 knots
altimeter variation is 50 feet
Spark plug fouling
- lean the mixture, determined if a richer mixture is needed –> magneto both
magneto malfunction
- engine roughness / misfiring
- changing magneto switch from both to the L and R position will identify which magneto is amflunctioning
- select differnet power setting and enrichen the mixture to determine if operation on both magneto
Engine driven fuel pump failure
sudden reduction in the fuel flow indication immediately before a loss of power while oeprating from a fuel tank with adequate fuel
- selectr fuel pump on
Excessive fuel vapour
- taxi operation when operating at higher altitude and warm temperature
- flucuation greater than 1 GPH
leaner mixture or with larger fluctuation can result in power surges + correct cause power loss
Fuel pump - on and adjust mixture
Low oil pressure
oil pressure sending unit / relief valve malfunctioned
land
Electrical power supply malfunction
main battery is less than 5 amps
if charging current remain above this valuve = overherat + evaporate
charge voltage increases to more than 31.75
–> master off
High carbon dixoide level annunciator
cabin heater - off
Takeoff Speeds
Normal climb
Short field flaps 10* speed at 50ft
75-85
56
Enroute climb, flaps up Normal sea level normal 10,000ft best rate of climb, sea level best rate of climb, 10,000 feet best angle of climb, sea level best angle of climb, 10,000ft
75-85 70-80 74 72 62 67
Landing approach
normal approach, flaps up
normal approach flaps full
short field approach, flaps full
65-75
60-70
61
balked landing
maximum power, flaps 20*
60
maximum recommended turbulent air penetration speed
2550 pound
2200 pound
1900 pound
105
98
90
maximum demonstrated crosswind velocity takeoff, flaps up takeoff flaps 10* Landing flaps 10* landing flaps FULL
20
20
20
15
