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PPL > Navigation PPL > Flashcards

Navigation PPL Flashcards

1
Q

Shape of the earth

A

Oblate Spheroid

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2
Q

Degree is made up of how many mins of arc

A

60mins

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3
Q

Minute of arc is made up of seconds

A

60 seconds

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4
Q

1NM (min of latitude)

A

1minute of latitude

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5
Q

1nm = ft = m

A

6,076ft, 1852m

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6
Q

Rhumb Line

A

cuts all meridian of longitude at the same angle

- spheroid shape = RHUMB line is not the shortest distance between two point

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7
Q

Great circle

A

circle drawn whose plane passes through the centre of the earth.
shortest distance between two points on earth’s surface

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8
Q

Small circle

A
  • circles that do not pass through the centre of the earth
  • all parallels of latitude with the exception of the equator = small circles

Meridian of longitude = great circles
Equator = great circle
Radio waves - great circle paths

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9
Q

magnetic direction

A

True direction - relation to geographical poles
magnetic direction is in relation to the poles of the earth’s magnetic field
- angular difference true direction + magnetic direction (variation)

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10
Q

Isognals line

A

Line joining place of the same magnetic variation

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11
Q

Agonic line

A

line joining places of zero variation

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12
Q

Deviation

A

compasses influence by local magnetic field causing errors in the compass reading of the compass

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13
Q

Magnetic heading

A

HSI/DG will point to magnetic north pole

magnetic heading = we see flying in our aircraft

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14
Q

Magnetic bearing

A

observer on the ground would see us flying in relation to the earth

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15
Q

UTC

A
  • sun travels around the earth once every 24 hours (15/hours, 1/min)
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16
Q

International Date line

A

180E and 180W meridians = same meridians
But different date depending on the location
- prevents date being an error + provide a starting point for each day

17
Q 
ARC to Time conversion 
360* = hours 
15* = hour 
1* = min 
15' = min 
1' = sec
A 
360* = 24 hours 
15* = 1 hour 
1* = 4 min 
15' = 1 min 
1' = 4 sec
18
Q

BOD + EOD

A

sunrise and sunset

19
Q

Civil Twilight

A

time before sunrise and after sunset, sun is within 6* of the observer’s horzion
(duration is longer as the observer moves further south)

20
Q

Southern Latitude

A

sun will still rise in the east and set in the west

- apparent path is inclined from the vertical by an angle equal to the observer’s latitude

21
Q

Unless holding a Night VFR

A

must reach the destination or alternate 10 mins before last light

22
Q

NDB

A
  • ground based radio transmitter that radiates energy in all directions
23
Q

NDB ground station

A

greater the transmitter power the greater the range

- range increases over water

24
Q

NDB Mountain Effect

A

fluctuating bearing from mixing of the radio waves, reflected from nearby mountainous terrain

25
Q

NDB Coastal Refraction

A

passing from land to sea at oblique angle

  • refract due to different conducting and reflecting properties of land and water
  • signals refract towards the coast
26
Q

NDB CO-CHANNEL Interference

A
  • signals received from other NDBs same frequency give false bearing indication
27
Q

NDB Thunderstorms Effect

A
  • generate radio energy and ADF nedele points towards it
28
Q

NDB Terrain Effect

A
  • signsl greater range over water than over sandy or mountainous terrain
29
Q

NDB Quadrantal Error

A
  • metal construction
  • needle of the ADF will align itself to the cardinala points of the A/C
  • less accurate when 45* from nose or tail
30
Q

NDB Night effect

A
  • during the day the sky waves absorbed by the ionosphere

- at night the ionosphere reflects the sky waves back, mixing with the ground waves causing error

31
Q

VOR

A

omni-directional range operations

32
Q

VOR Limitation

A

-imperfection in VOR indicator

+/- 2*

33
Q

VOR Vertical Polarization

A

VOR station emits horizontal radio waves (parallel to earths surface)

  • detected by horizontal antenna
  • a/c banks, antenna no longer horizontal, VOR moves abnormally
34
Q

VOR station errors

A
  • signal accuracy affected by error in ground station equipment
  • less than +/- 2*
35
Q

VOR site error

A
  • propagation of VHF signals affected by physical obstacles or irregular terrain features near the VOR Site
  • less than +/- 3*
36
Q

VOR Terrain Effect

A
  • signals distorted by signals reflected from rough terrain
  • interference cause oscillation on the CDI. Rapid Osicllations is scapalling
  • slow oscillation bending (less than +/- 2*
37
Q

VOR Aggregate error

A
  • algebraic sum of all errors mentioned

+/- 5

PPL (6 decks)

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