PPL Checkride study guide Flashcards
what are the three emergency squawks codes
121.5
7500 - hijak
7600 - lost coms
7700 - emergency
what is the in flight emergency procedure
A - airspeed
B - best place to land
C - checklist
D - declare emergency
E - execute
What is the decide model?
D - detect
E - estimate
C - choose
I - identify
D - do
E - evaluate
What are the 5 P’s
Plan - Cross-country planning, weather, route, fuel, current publications.
Plane - Mechanical issues, equipment on board, avionics capabilities, performance.
Pilot - IMSAFE, fatigue, familiarity with aircraft, experience level
Programming - Familiarity with avionics, verifying correct GPS entries, appropriate level of automation
Passengers - Minimizing distractions, external pressures, using passengers to complete simple tasks.
What are the 5 hazardous attitudes? RAIIM
Macho - I can do it
Impulsivity - do it quickly
Resignation - What’s the use
Anti-Authority Don’t tell me
Invulnerability - It won’t happen to me
What is the Lost procedure?
Climb
Communicate
Confess
Comply
Conserve
what are the four types of fog? RAUS
Radiation
Advection
Upslope
Steam
radiation fog
on cloudless night, land loses heat by radiation and cools. moist air in contact with cooling surface also cools (gold course)
advection fog
warm moist air mass flows over colder surface. air mass is cooled and if temp reduces to below dew point fog forms. (golden gate bridge)
upslope fog
flow of most air along upward sloping terrain
steam fog
cold air flows over warm water. water vapor evaporates and and cools below its dew point
what is a front
a transition zone between two different densities
what is a cold front
leading edge of a cooler mass of air replacing at ground level a warmer mass of air which lies within a fairly sharp surface trough of low pressure.
what is a warm front
the forward edge of an advancing mass of warm air that rises over and replaces a retreating mass of cooler air. as it rises the warm air cools and the water vapor in it condenses usually forming stead rain, sleet or snow.
stable air vs unstable air
if rising air is cooler then its surrounding air it tends to sink back down to its original position because it is more dense (heavier). if it is warmer it will continue to rise (less dense and lighter) and is unstable.
what is an air mass?
a horizontally uniform body of air defined by temp, humidity, pressure and water vapor content. they cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles and adapt to surfaces below them.
what are the types of icing?
Induction -carburetor & fuel injector icing
Structural -
Rime - small supercooled droplets freeze on contact creating mixture of ice particles and air.
Clear - water droplets that are above freezing level become super cooled and gradually freeze as they flow back across the surface leaving smooth hard glossy layer.
mixed - both
What are the special use airspace? MCPRAWN
MOA (check 1st)
CFA (not shown)
Prohibited (Do not go into)
Restricted (get clearance)
Alert
Warning
NSA
An airplane has been loaded in such a manner that the CG is located aft of the aft CG limit. One undesirable flight characteristic a pilot might experience with this airplane would be
difficulty in recovering from a stalled condition.
Which would most likely cause the cylinder head temperature and engine oil temperature gauges to exceed their normal operating ranges?
Using fuel that has a lower-than-specified fuel rating.
What is absolute altitude?
The vertical distance of the aircraft above the surface.
FAA Advisory Circulars containing subject matter specifically related to Air Traffic Control and General Operations are issued under which subject number?
90
When turning onto a taxiway from another taxiway, what is the purpose of the taxiway directional sign?
Indicates designation and direction of taxiway leading out of an intersection.
Warm Front
forward edge of an advancing air mass of warm air that rises over and replaces cooler air. as it rises the warm air cools and water vapor condenses forming rain sleet or snow. moves slow. polar air retreats. major hazard rain falling from warm front to cold front below since the warm front is shallow and creating freezing rain.
Cold Front
leading edge of a cooler air mass (dense high pressure) replacing at ground level a warmer mass of air which lies within a sharp surface trough of low pressure. moves faster than a warm front.
What is a prog chart?
The Prog Chart is really just a surface analysis chart with predicted precipitation added as an overlay (oh, and it is a forecast too, not an observation).
12hr and 24hr forecast Issued every 4hrs
36hr, 48hr, and 60hr forecast are issued twice daily
3-7 day forecasts is issued once daily ~1400Z with a Valid time at 1200Z
Stationary Front
When a front separating a colder airmass from a warmer airmass stalls and remains stationary for an extended period of time. drizzle lasts several days
High Pressure
Good weather
bad viz
clockwise descending air & outward
Low Pressure
bad weather
good viz
counterclockwise, ascending & rotates inward.
Occluded Front
Warm & cold. a front that overtakes another slower front. Cold: Cold front catches up and overtakes a warm front. Warm: cold air overtakes retreating colder air
Stratus
thin solid and rain
cumulus
popcorn, unstable, turbulence below. can grow and become cumulonimbus thunderstorm
virga
rain falling and evaporating before hitting the ground. air is dry absorbing moisture falling. air is rapidly warming and evaporating so air below sinks rapidly (6,000fpm)
What ingredients are needed for a thunderstorm?
Moist air
unstable lapse rate
lifting action
Lenticular clouds
wind blowing across top of mountain. pushes up in windward side then pulls down on downwind side. pressure drops & temp drops forcing moisture in air to condense and form clouds. 40kts winds.
Stages of a thunderstorm
- Cumulus stage: updrafts
- Mature Stage: Updrafts slowing reaching max height
- Dissipating: Rain begins to fall downdrafts
microbursts
Quick downdrafts.
Three types of icing
Clear: heavy solid dense. liquid hits plane and freezes and streams back.
Rime: less dense. strike and freeze with air bubbles.
Mixed:
Two places of icing
Structural: outside of plane
Induction: engine. forms and blocks air filter or in carburetor
what to do if notice ice
Fly faster decreasing AOA. 180 degree turn and land ASAP. carb heat. pitot heat. faster landing speed and ground roll. no flaps.
what is a runway incursion?
An incident. when an aircraft, vehicle, person or object is improperly positioned on an airport runway or its protected area. creates collision hazard classified as “surface incidents” caused by unauthorized movement.
what is the a accident and an incident?
CFR 830.2
Accident: an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.
fatal - death w/in 30 days
serious injurie - 48 hrs of hospitalization w/in 7 days, fracture, hemorrhages, nerve, tendon, muscle damage, 3rd degree burn, 5% of body burn.
Substantial damage: damage/failure of structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component. Engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged, bent fairings or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes in the skin or fabric, ground damage to rotor or propeller blades, and damage to landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wingtips are not considered “substantial damage” for the purpose of this part.
Incident: an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.
nighttime lights?
blue - taxiway
red - runway threshold / end
white - runway edge
green/red - runway threshold / end
yellow/white - runway edge
yellow/red - runway edge @ displaced threshold
green/yellow - threshold / runway edge @ displaced threshold
what is GPS
satellites orbiting around earth allowing pilots to determine location/position.
What is a VOR
Very high frequency omni directional range. a short range radio navigation used in finding location in relation to the ground station. range signal 200 miles.
VOR Limitations
Cone of confusion: cone-shaped area of airspace directly above. can cause a compass navigational needle to spin
Line of sight: VOR signals can only be received at higher altitudes as the aircraft gets farther from the station.
Reverse sensing: heading is reversed from the set VOR course. This can happen when the heading indicator and V OBS are not aligned.
VOR service volumes
terminal - 25 - 12,000 NM usually near airports
Low - 40 - 18,000 nm
VOR low - 40NM - 5,000 & 70 - 18,000
High - 40 - 14,500 & 130 - 45,000 & 100 - 60,000 NM
what is a spin / recovery / most dangerous?
A stall causes aircraft to rotate around vertical axis and can occur at any airspeed or attitude.
most dangers in traffic pattern especially base to final or downwind to base. creates skidding turn.
Power idle. decrease rotational speed.
Ailerons neutral. evens AOA
Rudder opposite. stops roll/yaw
Elevator forward. break the stall. hardest park because looking at the ground
What MUST we know for flight?
N - Notams (MDFGPS)
W - weather (current/forcasted)
K - Known delays
R - Runway lengths
A - Alternate airports
F - Fuel requirements
T - Takeoff/landing distances
What are the different types of notams?
M - Military (part of NAS national airspace system)
D - distant Airport & nav facilities)
F - FDC Flight data center (TFR, chart and publication amendments)
G - GPS (outages)
P - Pointer (FSS issues)
S - SAA (special activity airspace outside published times)
Current weather charts
W - Weather depiction (3hrs)
R - Radar summery (1hr)
A - Atis/Asos/Awos (1hr)
M - METAR (1hr)
P - PIREP (as needed)
S - Surface analyses (3hr)
Forecasted weather
W - Winds/temp aloft
P - Prognostic charts
A - Area Forecast
C - Convective outlook
T - TAF
weather depiction chart
(3hrs) (Current) depicts VFR/MVFR/IFR, fronts, troughs, squall lines. Condensed weather station data and symbols to depict (Sky cover, ceiling heights, weather and obstructions to visibility
Radar summery
(hourly) (current) displays echo type, intensity, trend, coverage, location & movement
ATIS/ASOS?AWOS
(hourly) (Current) (continuous)
ATIS - Terminal information service. (Active runways, approaches, NOTAMS, important info)
ASOS - Automated service information, (station identifier, date, time, wind, viz, sky condition, temp/dew, altimeter)
AWOS - Automated weather observation, (station identifier, date, time, wind, viz, sky condition, temp/dew, altimeter)
METAR
Meteorological terminal Aviation routine weather report (hourly) (current) (station identifier, date, time, wind, viz, sky condition, temp/dew, altimeter)
PIREP
Pilot reports (actual condition reported in flight) (location, time, altitude, sky cover, viz, observed weather, cloud layers, temp, wind, turbulence, icing)
Surface Analyses
(3hrs) Displays isobars (connecting lines of equal pressure) Fronts, pressure system & possibly radar
Winds and temperature aloft
(2x/day) (forecasted) wind, direction, temp
Prognostic charts
(estimating) (times issued 12, 24, 36, 48 hr periods)state of atmosphere over large area. 4 types: surface, low, mid, high. gives possible weather changes over much shorter time frames than general forecasts.
Area Forecast
(3 issued/day) (TAF like forecast w/METAR codes) over multiple states or regions. includes header, precautionary statement, weather Synopsys, VFR clouds (12 hr forecast +6hr outlook)
Convective Outlook
(Day 1 - 5x) (Day 2 - 2x) (Day 3-8 daily) graphically displayed. convective weather and thunderstorms (marginal, slight, moderate, height, enhanced risk or predictability too low)
TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast. (6hrs, 4x/day valid 24hrs) winds, viz, weather, sky condition, wind shear, temp.
Significant weather
AIRMET (tango, sierra, zulu)
SIGMET
Convective SIGMET
AIRMET
advisory of significant weather phenomena (6hrs w/amendments)describes intensities lower than SIGMET. hazard to general aviation.
SIERRA - Mtn obscuration, IFR
TANGO - moderate turbulence, surface winds 30kts, non convective low level wind shear,
ZULU - moderate icing, freezing height data
SIGMET
non convective weather for ALL aircraft (4hrs all events, 6hrs hurricanes) severe weather not associated w/ thunderstorms (icing, turbulence, dust, sand storms, volcanic ash)
Convective SIGMET
Hazardous severe or convective to ALL aircraft. Thunderstorms: thunderstorm wind shear, embedded thunderstorms, line of thunderstorms, ->40% precipitation of ->3,000sq miles, surface winds ->50kts, surface hail 3/4” icing, turbulence, tornados
A airspace
18,000’ - 60,000’ MSL
overlay waters w/in 12nm
not depicted on sectional
IFR only
Mode C with altitude
B Airspace
SRF-depicted
Solid Blue
PPL or endorsed student
Two way radio clearance
Mode C w/altitude
no airspeed restriction inside but 200kt below & inside VFR corridors
C Airspace
inner core 5nm
SRF - 4,000’ AGL (or as depicted)
outer 10nm radius
1,200MSL-4,000’AGL
below 200kts
& w/in 4nm 200kts SFC - 2,500’AGL
(250kts anywhere else w/in C)
Solid magenta
2 way radio & established
Mode C w/altitude inside & above
D airspace
4nm radius
SFC-2500 AGL (or depicted)
200kts
2 way radio
dashed blue
Class E airspace
extends to class A
dashed magenta
controlled but no requirements
Class G airspace
SRF - 700’AGL
SRF - 1200’ AGL
can extend to 14,500’MSL
faded magenta
uncontrolled
Class B cloud clearance
3SM Vis
COC
Class C cloud clearance
3SM vis
500’ below
1000’ above
2000’ horizonal
Class D cloud clearance
3SM vis
500’ below
1000’ above
2000’ horizonal
Class E cloud clearance
*Above 10000’
5SM vis
1000’ below
1000’ above
1SM horizonal
*Below 10000’
3SM vis
500’ below
1000’ above
2000’ horizonal
Class G cloud clearance
what are the night hazards
featureless terrain - lack of horizon or surface reference
false horizon - stars, ground lights, clouds, obscured horizon
auto kinesis - staring at a light begins to move
ground lighting - lights mistaken for runway
scuba requirements
need time to rid the body of excess nitrogen.
24 hrs controlled ascent
12 hours not controlled ascent
aeronautical experience to get PPL
40 hours total
20 hours -
3 hours - simulated IFR
3 hours - XC
3 hours - night
3 hours practice prep
10 hours - 5 hours XC
3 T/O @ field
2 types of Drag
parasite -
surfaces
Skin friction: rough spots on plane, non smooth surface
Form: shape of the plane
Interference: two components come together
What are the Left turning tendencies?
Torque - clockwise spinning prop causes airplane to roll left about the longitudinal axis. This is an
example of Newton’s 3rd law. On the ground, this left rolling tendency causes more weight to be on the left main gear thereby
increasing the friction and inducing a left yawing tendency
Gyroscopic Precession – During a descent the tail rises and causes a force to felt on the top of the
propeller. The resultant force is therefore 90 degrees ahead in the direction of the rotation
(RIGHT SIDE of propeller) causing a left yawing tendency. This is mostly associated with
tailwheel aircraft because on their takeoff roll the tail has to be raised and this creates a left turning
tendency.
Asymmetrical Thrust – In a climb, the descending propeller blade (RIGHT SIDE) has a greater
angle of attack and therefore creates more lift. This causes a left yawing tendency
Spiraling Slipstream – Propeller wash strikes the aircraft of the left side of the vertical stabilizer
causing a left yawing tendency.
What do gyroscopes operate off of?
Rigidity in space: while spinning, a gyroscope will tend to stay fixed in its plane of rotation. Think
of a bicycle wheel. With enough momentum, you are able to stay naturally balanced.
Precession: when a force is applied to a gyroscope, the resultant force is felt 90° ahead in the
direction of the rotation.
Explain the errors associated with the magnetic compass
Variation: Magnetic north and geographical north different (E- / W+)
Deviation: Aircraft avionics. read on card.
Dip errors: On N/S heading. Compass wants to point north.
Acceleration Error: E/W heading. compass wants north. ANDS
Describe 152 engine.
Lycoming (O-235-N2C)
Normally aspirated air enters intake manifold / no turbo)
Direct drive
Air cooled (air for cylinders / oil for engine)
Horizontally opposed
Carburetor equipped
4-cylinder / 233.3 Cubic inches
108 hoarse power
fixed pitch McCauley 69” prop
What does oil do for the engine?
Lubricates, Cools, Seals, Cleans. SAE 50
Sump: 6 quarts
Total 7 quarts
Describe the fuel system
