PPD Mix2 Flashcards
What are the three categories of exterior wall assemblies?
Barrier Walls: They rely on thickness of the material such as cast in place concrete walls or recast concrete walls or CMU walls.
Drainage Walls: In this assembly type usually there is an outer face that resists the water and moisture and there is a drainage cavity behind supported with a structural systems that drains any penetrating water and moisture. Brick veneer walls or panel systems are example to this type of assembly.
Pressure Equalized Walls: These type of assemblies have air pressure in the air cavity to eliminate water penetrating in the assembly. Many curtain wall systems are examples of this type of wall.
Which structural design strategy provides the best solution for a project that has an irregular geometry on plan level?
-system without beams/ joists in the floor or roof, such as site cast concrete 2 way flat plate, to successfully accomplish irregular geometries.
Which construction material rarely completes a structural system on its own?
Masonry - usually is used as a supporting material or filling element between wood, concrete or steel structures but rarely makes a whole structural system on its own.
Machine Room Less Elevators (MRL)
Regarding initial cost and maintenance cost, they are comparable to geared traction elevators
life-cycle cost is much lower than geared traction elevators
Hydraulic Elevator
lowest initial and maintenance cost compared to other elevator types due to absence of traction motors, penthouse equipment, elaborate controllers, safety equipment, cables and drums
life-cycle cost is much higher due to larger motor that pumps the oil.
Single jack holeless travel distance is up to 14-16 feet
**The telescoping plunger is the type of plunger that is used by hole-less hydraulic elevators.
Gearless Traction Elevator
high initial cost
medium level maintenance costs
use energy a little more efficiently compared to geared traction elevators
faster, and longer travel distances suitable, such as high-rise office buildings
Geared Traction Elevator
medium level initial cost
medium level maintenance cost and life-cycle cost
What is Turbidity?
the name of visible pollutants that are in roof runoff, rivers and streams and expected to be in harvested rainwater. (rain water is not naturally drinkable)
What is flexural stress?
Stresses caused by the bending moment are known as flexural or bending stresses. Consider a beam to be loaded as shown: Consider a fiber at a distance from the neutral axis, because of the beam’s curvature, as the effect of. bending moment, the fiber is stretched by an amount of . (also known as bending stress)
When it comes to cost and budgeting, architectural design can usually control which 4 areas?
Mechanical systems
Structural system
Flexibility of the space design
Finishes and materials
The architect should recommend a central system that does not occupy space in the room, therefore, will provide flexibility for various redecoration or remodeling scenarios. Which three basic HVAC systems will do that?:
Through the wall units
Variable air volume
Single‐zone terminal reheat all‐air system
Hydronic convectors and
Fan-coil terminals can be good solutions, too; however, if the client wants the system not to occupy floor space; they will not be a good option.
What are the factors humans are most affected by and should be considered when designing an HVAC system?
Air temperature Relative humidity Mean radiant temperature Air motion Air purity Sound vibration Light
If the geometrical design of the structural bay dictates a rectangular shape, which structural system is preferred?
one-way systems either built with joists or slabs
If the geometrical design of the structural bay dictates a square shape, which structural system is preferred?
two-way systems of beams and slabs
True or False?
The lower the U-Factor of a window the better it insulates?
True
For house in cold climates:
Low U Factor -High SHGC
For house in hot climates:
Low U Factor, -Low SHGC (shades)
True or False?
The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits and the greater its shading ability.
True
For house in cold climates:
Low U Factor -High SHGC
For house in hot climates:
Low U Factor, -Low SHGC (shades)
What HVAC system is used if the project dictates a compact system?
all water systems are the most compact HVAC systems, due to lack of duct work. Water is delivered via pipes and pipes takes much less space than ducts. In this systems water is delivered from a central location.
What are the three main strategies to deal with liquefaction?
Compacting site
Excavating, existing liquefiable soil and replacing it with stringer soil types
Building wells accompanied by infiltration barriers around the foundation to pump out existing ground water level and to prevent new water infiltration.
True or False?
Steel rebars are the most typical and most common rebars but cannot resist corrosive environments as long as epoxy-coated steel bars.
True
What are GFRP rebars?
Glass-fiber reinforced polymer rebars (GFRP) are used when non-ferrous/ non-magnetic, reinforcement required, such as an MRI facility.
Where might stainless steel rebars be used?
Stainless steel rebars are very expensive, they have the highest durability and usually used in buildings like nuclear facilities.
List the structural beams in order of potential longest spanning starting from least to greatest:
LH DLH K Single Tee -pre-stressed Double Tee-pre-stressed Glue-Lam wood Beam
K- 60 ft LH- 96 ft Glue Lam 100 ft Double Tee 100 ft DLH 144 ft Single Tee 150 ft
What type of smoke detector would most likely be preferred for spaces less than 15 feet or less and typically used in offices and residential projects?
Ionization Smoke Detectors
What type of smoke detector would most likely be preferred for super clean environments?
Laser Beam Photoelectric Detector
- depends on a very high sensitive laser technology
What type of smoke detector would most likely be preferred for outdoors, historical buildings , roads and tunnels?
Video Smoke Detection
- is a system that based in computer analysis of CCTV footage to detect fires
What type of smoke detector would most likely be preferred for places with high ceilings?
Projected Beam Photoelectric Smoke Detector
-their performance can be obstructed by pendant light fixtures and exposed ceiling elements. Recessed fixtures and unexposed, smooth ceilings are the best situations for these detectors.
In all-water HVAC systems, you still need a delivery medium, that transfers the heat or the cold from water to air. These devices are called what?
water‐to‐air heat exchangers
Other devices that utilizes a fan to deliver heated or cooled air are: Convectors, Active chilled beams, Induction units (can be without fan too) and Fan‐coil units. Having fan in a system means a noisier application and extra maintenance issues. All other given options depend mainly on natural occurrence of convection, therefore they cannot provide air exchange as fast as a fanned device.
Name three strategies for reducing the echoing in medium to large halls:
Provide deep, sound-absorbing glass-fiber blanket insulation supported by furring on the rear wall of the lecture hall
Reduce the front portion of the ceiling height that is above the speaker (or the stage) to create a useful reflection surface
Splay the rear wall to redirect the echoing sound to more absorbent surfaces such as carpet flooring
***Uniform ceilings, concave ceilings and concave rear walls are not recommended at all, since they would make echoing issue even worse.
True or False?
The more perpendicular the panel to the sun’s rays, the better for solar panels
True
Examples:
Collector Tilt Angle = Minus 15 degrees of building latitude: A collector tilt for heating swimming pools or for solar cooling.
Collector Tilt Angle = Plus 15 degrees of building latitude: A collector tilt for space heating and for the combination space heating and domestic hot water.
Collector Tilt Angle = Equals to building latitude: A collector tilt for domestic hot water.
Shading devices for:
South Facing Windows
horizontal overhangs.
Summer sun will be higher up on the sky and will be strongly felt on south facade of the building, therefore, having horizontal overhangs provides the best shading.
Shading devices for:
East and West Facing Windows
most problematic directions
-due to sun being low on the sky in the morning time for East facade and in the afternoon for West so if possible, THEY SHOULD BE AVOIDED. One good solution can be directing the windows on this facades to south or north. If this two solutions are not possible, then the DEEP HORIZONTAL OVERHANGS are still the best shading solution for E/W. Another good option for E/W orientation can be SLANTED VERTICAL FINS oriented, North or South depending on the climate. In COLD climates they should be SLANTED SOUTH and in HOT climates they should be SLANTED NORTH. However it should be understood that, to be effective, shading devices on E/W facades will have to BLOCK THE VIEW immensely.
Shading devices for:
North Facing Windows
vertical fins
Name 3 ways soil conditioning or densifying can be achieved ?
compacting soil with extra loads is one of the most common methods. When soils are compacted under heavy loads, they retain that memory, also called “pre-consolidation.”
Mixing soil with cement or grouting is another method that is used for similar reasons.
Ground freezing is done by introducing chemicals that freeze the moisture in soil and bonds soil together like cement.
Traction Machine Room-less elevators are essentially very similar to other traction elevators, except they don’t require what?
a penthouse for the machinery.
Instead the machinery is located in the hoist-way. There is also a locked control room located in hoist-way. The counterweights can also be located either in the rear or on sides of the cabin. MRL elevators are good options for mid-size projects. Maximum travel distance for MRLs is 250 feet which is comparable to geared traction elevators.
Pre-Cast concrete tends to be pre-stressed while Site-Cast concrete tends to be what?
post tensioned.
essentially the same idea but the fit to the situation
For light to medium loaded and short span structures, which of the site-cast concrete framing systems should be selected?
One-Way Solid Slab
– One way slab systems can span 10 to 20 feet and good for light to medium loads
Two-Way Flat Plate
– Two way slabs can span up to 30 – 40 feet and good for light to medium loads
For light to heavy loaded and long span structures, which of the site-cast concrete framing systems should be selected?
Waffle slabs
Beam & slab (one way or two way)
What is the main disadvantage of the single duct, constant air volume HVAC systems?
- they don’t provide individual temperature control in in spaces therefore not preferred in buildings with smaller units, such as hotels.
What chapter in the IBC deals with height and area?
Chapter 5
Air-entraining agents
Air entrainment is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete. he benefits of entraining air in the concrete include increased resistance to freeze-thaw degradation, increased cohesion (resulting in less bleed and segregation) and improved compaction in low-workability mixes.
What is a superplasticizer?
-also known as high range water reducers, are additives used in making high strength concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that enable the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more.
Benefits of Stormwater Retention Ponds-
Improved water quality in surrounding water bodies. -R–Retention ponds manage stormwater quantity and quality, lessening the transfer of pollutants and chemicals into nearby water bodies.
Aesthetic appeal.
-A retention pond may enhance aesthetics via plant selection, plant placement, topography and pedestrian access options.
Increased biodiversity.
-Biodiversity is defined as the variation of life forms in a given ecosystem. Landscaping with ponds and different varieties of plants can add to the the natural environment.
Wildlife habitat.
-Retention ponds provide habitats for animals, organisms and insects.
Water conservation.
-Water that is stored in retention ponds is available for non-potable human uses such as irrigation.
Flood prevention.
-Stormwater quantity reductions minimize the risk of flooding in nearby areas.
Minimization of erosion.
-Stormwater quantity reductions minimize erosion in the nearby area and along the banks of water bodies.
What is another name for “horizontal ground source heat pump”?
Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), sometimes referred to as GeoExchange, earth-coupled, ground-source, or water-source heat pumps.
Project Source is what?
where the capital used to fund an acquisition will come from
Project Use is what?
what this capital will purchase
True or False?
Water that is stored in retention ponds is available for potable human use.
False
-non-potable human uses such as irrigation.
Can captured rainwater be used as a potable source?
Kinda-
it’s not advisable to start collecting and drinking rainwater unless you’re 100% certain it’s clean and safe for human consumption. Although clean rainwater is safe to drink, it can easily become contaminated as it falls, which could pose a significant health hazard. Roofs may be a source of contamination.
But if purified it can be used as drinking water. There are two primary steps to rainwater treatment: filtration and sterilization using chlorine or UV light
Rowlock Brick
A brick laid on its face, or edge. Soldier. A brick laid on its end so that its longest dimension is parallel to the vertical axis of the face of the wall.
Flemish Bond Brickwork
Image result for Rowlock brick
Flemish bond is a popular bricklaying pattern that’s created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course of brick. … This brick bond pattern tends to be slightly weaker than the English bond when it’s one brick thick, however is still commonly used and includes a little more cutting and shaping work.
Some sources of VOC’s are:
paints, paint strippers and other solvents wood preservatives aerosol sprays cleansers and disinfectants moth repellents and air fresheners stored fuels and automotive products hobby supplies dry-cleaned clothing pesticide building materials and furnishings office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers and photographic solutions.
What is a riparian Corridor?
unique plant community consisting of the vegetation growing near a river, stream, lake, lagoon or other natural body of water.
The fire-resistive rating of an exit stairway in a two-story building must be what?
1-hour
- based on IBC Section 1023.2.
What is a Sunspace?
A sunspace is separated from the main living space by a thermal storage wall.
Direct Gain Passive Solar
VS
Indirect Gain Passive Solar
Direct-
Direct gain systems collect heat directly within an interior space.
Indirect-
Indirect gain systems control heat gain at the exterior skin of a building, utilizing a Trombe wall or a drumwall of water-filled barrels or tubes.
What is an Isolated Passive Solar system?
Isolated gain systems collect and store solar radiation away from the space to be heated, as described.
This particular design uses a nearby south-facing slope. The slope will have a specially designed collector where air will be warmed by the sun and then rise to serve as the heat for the building. Cooler air will simultaneously be pulled from a chamber below the floor, creating a convection loop.
When should the architect recommend submitting drawings to the proper planning and permitting authority to begin the approval process?
After the design development phase, once a set of drawings has been prepared specifically for permitting purposes
Which three pieces of information will the architect need to know in order to determine the construction type?
- Occupancy Type
- Sprinklered/Number of Stories
- Building Square Footage.
And in that order! The combination of these three pieces of information will allow the architect to select an appropriate construction type. The architect should also know the construction type they want to use and reverse the process by detraining an allowable square footage based on occupancy type.
What is the minimum required fire-rated separation between the private garages?
- 0-hour
- The International Building Code (2018) 406.3.1 requires a 1-hour fire barrier between the garages.
True or False?
A retention pond cannot aid in naturally cooling a building.
False
A retention pond, when properly sited, can provide slightly cool air downwind of its location. The prevailing winds come from one direction, which means that positioning the pond towards that direction of the house will allow the cooler surface temperatures of the pond to be carried towards the residence.
Which is the most effective way to implement a constructed sound barrier?
The barrier should be placed as close to the sound as possible.
-The best approach is to screen the noise as soon as possible. The effectiveness of a sound barrier depends on its position, height, and mass. The most crucial characteristic is the barrier’s position relative to the sound source.
In most office buildings throughout the U.S., as well as other countries, the peak electrical load occurs when?
summer afternoons-
when cooling loads are high and equipment and electric lighting are drawing power. Summer afternoons offer plenty of opportunities for harnessing daylight, which can help to lower the peak demand.
Which is the maximum slope of the sidewalk from the parking area to the front door (also known as an accessible pathway)?
1:20
NOT 1:12- that is the slope for a ramp
Name a good strategy that can assist in the process of value engineering?
Creating mock-ups of assemblies
-Creating mock-ups of systems and assemblies can help open the door to innovative design discussions and solutions. Mock-ups offer the design team a chance to interact with and better understand a system or assembly. By better understanding the item, the design team can then search for cheaper solutions to achieve the same or similar results.
