PDD Mix1 Flashcards
The cost of masonry wall assemblies includes what?
- In-place costs: Includes; material, labor, over head costs etc…
- Maintenance costs
- Building operation costs
Which is more stretchable?
EPDM or PVC?
EPDM
Which is more advantageous in colder climates?
EPDM or PVC?
EPDM
PVC and TPO are better in warmer climates
Which is more fire resistant?
EPDM or PVC?
PVC
What is the best type of wood for windows regarding both the cost and durability?
Western Red Cedar
(naturally decay and insect resistant and usually preferred for many outdoor applications such as: windows, siding, outdoor decking…)
Equation for deflection?
384 E I
w=load
L=length of spanning of member
E=modulus of elasticity (material)
I=moment of inertia (shape)
What is Air Entrainment?
Air entrainment is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete. A concrete maker introduces the bubbles by adding to the mix an air entraining agent, a surfactant. The air bubbles are created during mixing of the plastic concrete, and most of them survive to be part of the hardened concrete.
What are the advantages of “Air Entrainment”?
- Improved workability
- Lower water–cement ratios
- Improved durability and water tightness of the concrete
- Advantages in cold climates where regular freeze/thaw is expected
- Less risk of bleeding and a more uniform shape after formwork removed
(does not increase cost and does not effect heat resistance)
Explain the two categories for steel reinforcement:
- Structural Reinforcement: Which is most likely steel bars that resists tensile, shear and compression forces.
Or
- Temperature Reinforcement: Which is mostly either light welded wire fabric or synthetic fiber reinforcement, embedded in concrete slab to prevent temperature related shrinkage and expansion/contraction cracking.
What is MBF?
1000 Board Feet
What is the efficiency and uniform illumination equation?
Foot candles = Lumens/ Are in ft2
What is a Lumen?
a measure of the amount of brightness of a lightbulb – the higher the number of lumens, the brighter the lightbulb.
What is another name for expansion joint?
Isolation joint
What are control joints?
Joints in the concrete slab that are created intentionally to give some room to concrete to crack in case of tensile stress. Building Construction Illustrated, suggests locating control joints in concrete 15′ to 20′ o.c., or when it is necessary to turn an irregularly shaped slab into rectangular or square sections.
Types of Portland Cement?
Type I - is a general-purpose portland cement and preferred for typical applications where there is no unique need exists.
Type II - portland cement generates less heat and cures slower so it is a great option for warm weathers where premature curing of concrete is a risk. It is also used where moderate sulfate attack is important, such as, drainage structures where sulfate concentrations in the groundwater are higher than normal.
TYPE III - High Early Strength Portland Cement: As the name indicates, high early strength capacity of Type III portland cement (usually a in week or less) makes it ideal in a potentially cold climate like this. Type III portland cement can also be used when early removal of the formwork is preferred.
Type IV - is a special portland cement, mostly used in great structures like dams where amount of concrete is much greater than typical and the heat generated by hydration must be kept at minimum.
Type V- Sulfate resistant portland cement. Used where the water or soil is high in alkali.
What type of concrete finishing method / material is more suitable for the exposed floor finishes of a main gallery area of a new shopping mall? (indoor slip resistant)
Machine Troweling
There are different types of concrete finish options to achieve a non-slippery surface however since this is an indoor application, a smoother finish would be desired. To achieve this, Machine Troweling is the best option. Due to swirls caused my the machine, the surface will be non-slippery. Acid etching can be applied on concrete to increase slip resistance of the finished surface even more.
Concrete finishes:
Burlap: Commonly used for outdoor applications, such as concrete pavement finishes by dragging a piece of burlap cloth on the surface of new poured concrete.
Coarse -bristled broom finishing: Commonly used for outdoor applications with coarse or steel bristle. It is more slip resistant than trowel finish however if it is not done right, water can accumulate on it.
Sawing: Also commonly used for out door applications to solve slip problems after concrete is done.
What are the mortar types?
Type M - cures to a minimum strength of 2500 psi and is the strongest type of mortar. It is used for projects that need to withstand extreme gravitational forces and hold large lateral loads. (retaining walls, foundation walls)
Type S - mortar is a medium strength mortar that cures to a minimum compressive strength of 1800 psi. It is typically used on exterior walls, patios, paving, and other projects where mortar comes in direct contact with the ground.
Type N - mortar is common, general purpose mortar that cures to a minimum strength of 750 psi. This type of mortar is commonly used for general masonry projects and to reinforce interior walls.
Type O - is a low strength mortar that only cures to a minimum compressive strength of 350 psi. It is only safe to use on non-load-bearing interiors, superficial (non-structural) repairs, or on soft masonry like sandstone or brownstone.
Type K - is the lowest strength mortar available and has a very limited purpose. It only cures to a minimum strength of 75 psi so it is primarily used for historical preservation. It is not used for anything structural or load bearing due to its low cure strength.
What is the equation for change in length of a bar?
ΔL =[P x L] / [A XE]
P= tensile force L=length of bar A=area of the bar E=modulus of elasticity (29,000 ksi for steel) ΔL= change (Δ) in length (L)
Area of a circle = π r 2 (“pie R squared”)
Pi= 3.14
What are examples of the two categories for reinforcements for structures
- Structural Reinforcement: Which is most likely steel bars that resists tensile, shear and compression forces.
Or
- Temperature Reinforcement: Which is mostly either light welded wire fabric or synthetic fiber reinforcement, embedded in concrete slab to prevent temperature related shrinkage and expansion/contraction cracking.
Name the types of Steel Joists?
K-series joists (joist depth ranges from 8 in. to 30 in.)
LH-series joists (joist depth ranges from 18 in. to 48 in.)
DLH-series (joist depth ranges from 52 in. to 72 in.)
Note: K-series joists are preferred more often than others because their load bearing and the spanning capacity can accommodate the most common loads and spans in the buildings.
What are the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) three types of column-beam connections?
AISC Type I connection = Rigid/moment connection
AISC Type II connection = Shear connection
AISC Type III connection = Semirigid connection
What are examples of the best strategies to prevent termite damage in wood members?
Provide a soil barrier, that is, a chemical soil treatment
Use naturally decay-resistant or preservative-treated wood
Use a termite shield
Inspection and remediation
Maintain distance between wood and ground
What are the two main classification of loads that apply on buildings:
Gravity loads: Typically apply vertically on buildings, which is caused by gravitational pull of the earth.
Lateral loads: Typically apply horizontally on buildings and two main lateral forces on building are wind and earthquake. Underground water pressure on basement walls or on buildings caused by flood also creates lateral stress on buildings. In this question, all of the options but heavy snow load on roof top are examples to lateral forces cause snow loads apply in direction of gravity on structural components.
Which sprinkler system is more likely to be preferred in museums?
Pre-action Systems-
In this system, the pipes are filled with air, water is hold at the back and the sprinkler heads are supplied with a heat‐ or a smoke‐detection system. In case of a fire, the smoke detectors activate the pre-action valve and an alarm goes off. Water fills the pipes following this alarm. Pre-action systems are preferred where building has precious items that is not wanted to be subject to water damage. Museums, It and computer rooms, retails stores are a great example to this.
Which sprinkler system is more likely to be preferred in plane hangers?
Deluge Systems-
Discharges a huge amount of water and preferred for places with large fire risks
What are the 4 methods to obtain slip-critical connection?
Twist-off bolt method which includes an electric wrench to achieve the connection and only requires one person
Calibrated wrench method
Direct-tension indicator
Turn-of-nut method which is one of the oldest method of tightening a bolt to achieve a certain tensile stress.
What can be done to increases the bond strength of mortar?
Increase mortar flow - will also increases mortar’s bond strength because the wetter the mortar the more it can fill in the pores.
What can be done to increases the compressive strength of mortar?
Increase portland cement in mixture
What are the three types of copper pipe?
K- has the greatest thickness of all three so it is the best choice for underground installations.
L - recommended where you need strength and protection.
M - would have the greatest capacity since its the thinnest and is for normal “in the wall” household plumbing.
What are the two types of hydrated lime?
Type N (normal) hydrated lime
Type S (special) hydrated lime, which has more water content and therefore more workability and plasticity. It is also more expensive than Type N.
What joint sealants has the lowest water vapor permeability and is considered the best sealant among them all?
Butyl caulk, also known as polyisobutylene.
Also called elastomeric sealant.
What is the usefulness of an ionization smoke detector?
-they can detect fire at the earliest stage which is called Incipient Stage. This detectors react to particles in air before the fire itself starts. Therefore, they are not the best option for in areas where heat focus is expected in small areas, or in areas where regular activities produce combustion particles, like kitchens. They are good for indoor areas with low velocity wind and little visible smoke is expected.
Cold-formed steel (CFS) has what advantages over wood-light frame (WLF)? (metal framing vs wood framing)
- CFS members are stronger and more ductile than WLF members.
- CFS members are not subjected to dimensional instability like WLF members.
- A greater number of bridging and bracing lines and web-stiffening measures are required for CFS to prevent twisting and buckling of framing members.
What are the three heat strengthened glass types available?
- Tempered glass: It is the opposite of annealed glass, the glass is heated slowly and once it is melted it cools down immediately. This process creates a more durable glass, it is 4 times stronger compared to annealed glass. Tempering must be done once the glass is cut to the size. When tempered glass breaks, it breaks into tiny cubicles called: dicing. Annealed glass however, breaks into sharp edged, large pieces. Therefore, tempered glass is mostly preferred in hazardous locations and referred as safety glazing.
- Heat-soaked tempered glass: Is the most expensive of all heat treated glasses. When the risk of breakage is required to lowered more, this type of glass is used. However, since it is very expensive, the use should be justified carefully.
- Heat-strengthened (HS) glass: This glass type falls between annealed and tempered glass. When it breaks it doesn’t turn into small cubicle pieces like tempered glass but also not as sharp edged large pieces as annealed glass so it cannot be considered as safety glass. When there is thermal stress concern available, HS glass is preferred such as: spandrel are of an all-glass curtain wall.
What are three primary passive solar energy configurations?
- Direct- indoor space acts as a solar collector, heat absorber, and distribution system.
- Indirect-thermal mass (concrete, masonry, or water) is located directly behind the south-facing glass and in front of the heated indoor space and so there is no direct heating.
- Isolated-he components (e.g., collector and thermal storage) are isolated from the indoor area of the building
True or False?
A 10 dB change would be perceived as half as loud?
True
Which occupancy group requires a rated fire wall between it and every other occupancy group?
Residential
What are the three grades of Brick?
NW
SW
MW
What are the three types of brick?
FBX
FBS
FBA
Is Hot rolled or cold rolled steel used for structural members?
Hot rolled- for i beams or w flange beams.
cold is for wall studs, steel deck, etc
Which woodworking process creates the most dimensionally stable lumber?
Rift sawn lumber
is the most dimensionally stable. In the process of rift sawing, further attempts are made to harvest the most dimensionally stable and visually uniform portion of the tree by cutting the boards perpendicular to the grain, leaving triangular shaped areas of waste in the log, and making it the most expensive way to saw lumber.
Which standards reflect the technical requirements for sprinkler systems?
National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)-
The NFPA publishes technical documents on fire suppression systems. NFPA 13R is the reduced sprinkler system that can be used in low-rise multifamily buildings that are four stories or less.
What is the submittal review order?
Contractor -develops shop drawings
Architect -reviews
Building official - approves
Installation- by contractor can occur
What system can be used to link information in the specifications to the drawing set?
Keynotes
-The keynote system uses notes that directly reference the specifications, instead of written notes. For example, instead of writing “wood flooring” in a wall section, the architect would instead write “096400,” which is the CSI MasterFormat section that applies to wood flooring.
Which units are used to measure pressure?
Pascals
CSI Format divisions:
01-Site or general requirement 02-Existing Conditions 03-Concrete 04-MAsonry 05-Metals 06-Woods 07-Thermal and Moisture protection 08-Openings 09-Finishes 10-Specialties 11-Equipment 12-Furnishings 13-Special construction 14-Conveying Equipment 21-Fire Suppression 22-Plumbing 23-HVAC 26-Electrical
What is TPO?
Thermoplastic is a single-ply roof membrane material.
Desiccant
A drying agent (it absorbs water). Used as a component of a moisture management system or remediation effort.
AIA B252
B252
“Standard Form of Architect’s Services: Interior Design and Furniture, Furnishings, and Equipment (FF&E) Design Services.” This is used in conjunction with other B-series documents to describe the scope of interior work.
SHGC
SHGC
Solar heat gain coefficient: the total quantity of solar radiation absorbed by a glazing assembly, including both direct transmittance through glazing and absorption by the frame. A lower value indicates lower total transmittance.
GREENGUARD Certification
A product certification that verifies indoor air quality will not be harmed by chemical emissions from a product.
What is Rebar and how is it measured?
Reinforcing steel used in concrete construction, particularly to improve concrete performance under tension.
Rebar is sized nominally by “eighths of an inch” of the bar’s diameter. A #3 bar is 3/8” in diameter. Every bar can be measured in eighths of an inch. A #10 bar is about 10/8” in diameter.
What is EPS?
Expanded polystyrene: a rigid, closed-cell foam used as insulation. Also known by the trademarked name Styrofoam.
What is XPS?
Extruded polystyrene: a rigid, closed-cell, extruded foam used as insulation. Possesses good durability and dimensional stability due to the extrusion process.
What is Ductile?
Able to stretch or deform without permanent damage or fracture.
What is a Rainscreen?
Rainscreen
An exterior wall construction in which there is a gap between the outer cladding and the building’s weather barrier, providing a pressure-equalized air cavity that assists in drainage.
How to calculate Boardfoot?
thickness x height x length divided by 12 or
multiply the height in inches times the width in inches times the length in feet and divide by 12.
2x4x8 in board feet?
2 x 4= 8
8 x 8 =64
64 - 12 = 5.3 board feet
What is the coverboard?
A mat that covers and protects the roofing insulation and roofing membrane from damage.
What is the Stack vent?
The exterior extension of a plumbing stack which vents to the atmosphere. It penetrates the roof and should be flashed.
What is the invert?
The lowest elevation of the existing public sewer line. It should be determined early during planning because any new building sewer lines will need to slope down to reach this elevation.
What is Ohm’s Law?
A law of physics which relates voltage, current and resistance using the formula V = I * R (where V = voltage, I = current, and R = resistance).
What is a Restrained floor assembly?
With regard to fire-rated floor assemblies, this refers to the structures around floor beams that are designed to withstand thrust from the thermal expansion of those floor beams. In other words, this is a floor system which resists lateral buckling.
What is the Radius of gyration?
A measure of the way an object’s mass is distributed about an axis of rotation. Typically used in the design of columns to avoid failure due to buckling.
What is a Shear diagram?
A graphic depiction of the direction and magnitude of shear forces acting on an object (typically a beam or other structural element).
What is the Modulus of elasticity?
A material’s resistance to elastic deformation when under stress. This would be higher for a stiff material.
What is the Second moment of inertia?
Second moment of inertia
Also called the area moment of inertia, or the second moment of area, this is the measurement of a structural member’s ability to resist bending. It is a geometrical property of a structural shape’s cross-section that measures the relative location of material with respect to an axis. In other words, cross-sectional material that is relatively far from the rotational axis contributes substantially more to that section’s ability to resist bending than material close to the axis. As such, this quantity is used in structural calculations to determine a beam’s resistance to bending and deflection.
Anodic and Cathodic metals
A categorization of a metal’s susceptibility to corrosion. Anodic metals are least noble, and most susceptible to corrosion. Cathodic metals are most noble, and least susceptible to corrosion.
What is the Zonal cavity method?
A simplified method of calculating light level in a room by dividing the total number of lumens by the area of the space. Also called lumen method.
Footcandle
A non-SI unit of luminous intensity, defined as one lumen per square foot.
Impact insulation class
The ability of flooring to absorb or attenuate impact noise and vibration. Also referred to as IIC.
What is a Sabin?
Sabins
The unit of measure of sound absorption, used to evaluate the effectiveness of acoustic treatment materials or strategies.
Lumen
The SI unit of luminous flux, which measures luminous energy per unit time.
Coefficient of Utilization (CU)
A ratio of the amount of light leaving a luminaire to the amount that reaches the intended location, called the work plane.
Noise reduction coefficient (NRC)
A measurement of a material’s ability to absorb sound, ranging from zero to one. Zero indicates perfect reflection, one indicates perfect absorption.
Machine-room-less (MRL)
A type of hydraulic or traction elevator that does not require a machine room for equipment on top of the hoistway.
Electric traction elevator
An elevator lifted by ropes that pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. The elevator cab is on one end of the ropes, and a counterweight is on the other end, with the wheel and motor in the center. The counterweight reduces the power that the motor must move by counterbalancing the weight of the cab. They are used for mid- and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. Traction elevators can be geared or gearless; gearless applications are capable of higher speeds and thus higher travel distances.
Gearless traction elevator
A type of high-speed traction elevator typically used in high-rise buildings or where speed is required. Capable of reaching speeds up to 2000 feet per minute, and heights up to 2000 feet. They employ a gearless motor, and typically have higher installation costs and maintenance costs than geared alternatives.
Fire barrier
A wall assembly that restricts the spread of fire and has at least a one-hour fire-resistance rating. It extends from the floor to ceiling of a given level, but is not self-supporting in the event that the floor collapses.
Fire partition
A vertical fire-rated assembly which restricts the spread of fire. One example would be a demising wall between dwelling units in a residential building.
Fire wall
A fire-resistance-rated assembly that extends continuously from the foundation through the roof, and which is self-supporting in the event that construction on either side collapses. These walls carry the highest fire ratings, and can be used to subdivide a building into independent fire areas.
IDF
Intermediate Distribution Frame: a rack of telecommunications interconnects which operates after the main distribution frame and before the final cable runs to individual levels/areas of a building.
MDF (telecommunications)
Main Distribution Frame: the primary interface between a building’s internal telecommunications systems and the exterior cable/phone lines entering the building.
Document management systems (DMS)
Used by the architect to track and manage communications with consultants, the owner, and the general contractor during and after the contract documentation phase. These systems improve the accountability of all parties, provide a verifiable paper trail, and enable better collaboration among the project team.
Section, township, check
Units of land area defined by the Public Land Survey System; respectively, they are equal to: one mile square, six miles square, twenty-four miles square.
Vapor retarder
Any material used in a building assembly to slow or reduce the movement of water vapor through that assembly, and defined as having a permeance greater than 0.1 perm but less than or equal to 1 perm. Installed on the warm side of the insulation in cool climates.
Proprietary specifications (closed specs)
Proprietary specifications tell the contractor exactly which product or material to use
Performance specifications
A type of specifications writing which provides the functional or operational requirements of a product. They allow for the contractor and/or suppliers to find a range of suitable products that meet the given functional criteria.
ANSI
The American National Standards Institute: a non-profit standards organization that develops voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel. These standards can impact building design and construction.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials: a testing and standards organization which provides technical standards for many aspects of construction.
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEC:
a standards organization that provides international standards for many aspects of electrical, electronic, and related systems.
Sound transmission class (STC)
A rating of how effectively a wall assembly attenuates sound. Given as an integer, a higher rating equates to better noise attenuation.
USF
Usable square footage: a measure of building area that subtracts space which is not considered “occupied,” such as lobbies and hallways.
RSF
Rentable square footage: a calculation of square footage used for charging rent, which includes the tenant’s individual space plus a share of building common areas such as corridors, lobbies, etc.
BREEAM
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method: an international sustainability certification standard for buildings, first published in 1990.
IECC
International Energy Conservation Code: a model building code that establishes minimum energy performance standards.
RSMeans
A service of Reed Business Information that assists cost estimators with accurate data for cost projections.
Multi-price per department
A cost estimation technique that breaks a building down into different costs per square foot based on use or other differentiating factors.
Lighting power density (LPD)
A measure of lighting energy density, measured as watts per square foot of illuminated space.
What are the four Air Handling Loops?
Refrigerant Loop - contains four major components: the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Refrigerant remains piped between these four components and is contained in the refrigerant loop.
Heat Rejection Loop- In summer, the loop acts as a “heat sink”, rejecting the unwanted building heat. In winter, its acts as a “heat source”, absorbing heat from the ground to heat the building. (get rid of the heat)
Chilled Water Loop - consists of pipes and pumps that move chilled water around a building. A chilled water pump (CHWP) pushes chilled water through the chiller and through the chilled water line around the building. The chilled water that exits a chiller is called the chilled water supply (CHWS)
Air Side Loop - a central forced air HVAC system. The term “loop” is used because in most cases some air is recirculated so that the air system forms a fluid loop. The air loop is just the “air side” of a full HVAC system.
Cooling Tower
is a specialized heat exchanger in which air and water are brought into direct contact with each other in order to reduce the water’s temperature. As this occurs, a small volume of water is evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated through the tower.
AHU
Air Handling Unit
What is a DX system?
Direct Expansion- individual air handler units on each floor. No refrigerant loop- its in each unit.
What is a DX RTU system?
Direct Expansion Rooftop Units- Roof top unit comes “off the shelf” and install in the roof with a crane. Contains chiller system and air is blown through it similar to cooling tower. Has large vertical shafts. Exposed to the elements.
