PDD Mix1 Flashcards
The cost of masonry wall assemblies includes what?
- In-place costs: Includes; material, labor, over head costs etc…
- Maintenance costs
- Building operation costs
Which is more stretchable?
EPDM or PVC?
EPDM
Which is more advantageous in colder climates?
EPDM or PVC?
EPDM
PVC and TPO are better in warmer climates
Which is more fire resistant?
EPDM or PVC?
PVC
What is the best type of wood for windows regarding both the cost and durability?
Western Red Cedar
(naturally decay and insect resistant and usually preferred for many outdoor applications such as: windows, siding, outdoor decking…)
Equation for deflection?
384 E I
w=load
L=length of spanning of member
E=modulus of elasticity (material)
I=moment of inertia (shape)
What is Air Entrainment?
Air entrainment is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete. A concrete maker introduces the bubbles by adding to the mix an air entraining agent, a surfactant. The air bubbles are created during mixing of the plastic concrete, and most of them survive to be part of the hardened concrete.
What are the advantages of “Air Entrainment”?
- Improved workability
- Lower water–cement ratios
- Improved durability and water tightness of the concrete
- Advantages in cold climates where regular freeze/thaw is expected
- Less risk of bleeding and a more uniform shape after formwork removed
(does not increase cost and does not effect heat resistance)
Explain the two categories for steel reinforcement:
- Structural Reinforcement: Which is most likely steel bars that resists tensile, shear and compression forces.
Or
- Temperature Reinforcement: Which is mostly either light welded wire fabric or synthetic fiber reinforcement, embedded in concrete slab to prevent temperature related shrinkage and expansion/contraction cracking.
What is MBF?
1000 Board Feet
What is the efficiency and uniform illumination equation?
Foot candles = Lumens/ Are in ft2
What is a Lumen?
a measure of the amount of brightness of a lightbulb – the higher the number of lumens, the brighter the lightbulb.
What is another name for expansion joint?
Isolation joint
What are control joints?
Joints in the concrete slab that are created intentionally to give some room to concrete to crack in case of tensile stress. Building Construction Illustrated, suggests locating control joints in concrete 15′ to 20′ o.c., or when it is necessary to turn an irregularly shaped slab into rectangular or square sections.
Types of Portland Cement?
Type I - is a general-purpose portland cement and preferred for typical applications where there is no unique need exists.
Type II - portland cement generates less heat and cures slower so it is a great option for warm weathers where premature curing of concrete is a risk. It is also used where moderate sulfate attack is important, such as, drainage structures where sulfate concentrations in the groundwater are higher than normal.
TYPE III - High Early Strength Portland Cement: As the name indicates, high early strength capacity of Type III portland cement (usually a in week or less) makes it ideal in a potentially cold climate like this. Type III portland cement can also be used when early removal of the formwork is preferred.
Type IV - is a special portland cement, mostly used in great structures like dams where amount of concrete is much greater than typical and the heat generated by hydration must be kept at minimum.
Type V- Sulfate resistant portland cement. Used where the water or soil is high in alkali.
What type of concrete finishing method / material is more suitable for the exposed floor finishes of a main gallery area of a new shopping mall? (indoor slip resistant)
Machine Troweling
There are different types of concrete finish options to achieve a non-slippery surface however since this is an indoor application, a smoother finish would be desired. To achieve this, Machine Troweling is the best option. Due to swirls caused my the machine, the surface will be non-slippery. Acid etching can be applied on concrete to increase slip resistance of the finished surface even more.
Concrete finishes:
Burlap: Commonly used for outdoor applications, such as concrete pavement finishes by dragging a piece of burlap cloth on the surface of new poured concrete.
Coarse -bristled broom finishing: Commonly used for outdoor applications with coarse or steel bristle. It is more slip resistant than trowel finish however if it is not done right, water can accumulate on it.
Sawing: Also commonly used for out door applications to solve slip problems after concrete is done.
What are the mortar types?
Type M - cures to a minimum strength of 2500 psi and is the strongest type of mortar. It is used for projects that need to withstand extreme gravitational forces and hold large lateral loads. (retaining walls, foundation walls)
Type S - mortar is a medium strength mortar that cures to a minimum compressive strength of 1800 psi. It is typically used on exterior walls, patios, paving, and other projects where mortar comes in direct contact with the ground.
Type N - mortar is common, general purpose mortar that cures to a minimum strength of 750 psi. This type of mortar is commonly used for general masonry projects and to reinforce interior walls.
Type O - is a low strength mortar that only cures to a minimum compressive strength of 350 psi. It is only safe to use on non-load-bearing interiors, superficial (non-structural) repairs, or on soft masonry like sandstone or brownstone.
Type K - is the lowest strength mortar available and has a very limited purpose. It only cures to a minimum strength of 75 psi so it is primarily used for historical preservation. It is not used for anything structural or load bearing due to its low cure strength.
What is the equation for change in length of a bar?
ΔL =[P x L] / [A XE]
P= tensile force L=length of bar A=area of the bar E=modulus of elasticity (29,000 ksi for steel) ΔL= change (Δ) in length (L)
Area of a circle = π r 2 (“pie R squared”)
Pi= 3.14
What are examples of the two categories for reinforcements for structures
- Structural Reinforcement: Which is most likely steel bars that resists tensile, shear and compression forces.
Or
- Temperature Reinforcement: Which is mostly either light welded wire fabric or synthetic fiber reinforcement, embedded in concrete slab to prevent temperature related shrinkage and expansion/contraction cracking.
Name the types of Steel Joists?
K-series joists (joist depth ranges from 8 in. to 30 in.)
LH-series joists (joist depth ranges from 18 in. to 48 in.)
DLH-series (joist depth ranges from 52 in. to 72 in.)
Note: K-series joists are preferred more often than others because their load bearing and the spanning capacity can accommodate the most common loads and spans in the buildings.
What are the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) three types of column-beam connections?
AISC Type I connection = Rigid/moment connection
AISC Type II connection = Shear connection
AISC Type III connection = Semirigid connection
What are examples of the best strategies to prevent termite damage in wood members?
Provide a soil barrier, that is, a chemical soil treatment
Use naturally decay-resistant or preservative-treated wood
Use a termite shield
Inspection and remediation
Maintain distance between wood and ground
What are the two main classification of loads that apply on buildings:
Gravity loads: Typically apply vertically on buildings, which is caused by gravitational pull of the earth.
Lateral loads: Typically apply horizontally on buildings and two main lateral forces on building are wind and earthquake. Underground water pressure on basement walls or on buildings caused by flood also creates lateral stress on buildings. In this question, all of the options but heavy snow load on roof top are examples to lateral forces cause snow loads apply in direction of gravity on structural components.
Which sprinkler system is more likely to be preferred in museums?
Pre-action Systems-
In this system, the pipes are filled with air, water is hold at the back and the sprinkler heads are supplied with a heat‐ or a smoke‐detection system. In case of a fire, the smoke detectors activate the pre-action valve and an alarm goes off. Water fills the pipes following this alarm. Pre-action systems are preferred where building has precious items that is not wanted to be subject to water damage. Museums, It and computer rooms, retails stores are a great example to this.
Which sprinkler system is more likely to be preferred in plane hangers?
Deluge Systems-
Discharges a huge amount of water and preferred for places with large fire risks
What are the 4 methods to obtain slip-critical connection?
Twist-off bolt method which includes an electric wrench to achieve the connection and only requires one person
Calibrated wrench method
Direct-tension indicator
Turn-of-nut method which is one of the oldest method of tightening a bolt to achieve a certain tensile stress.
What can be done to increases the bond strength of mortar?
Increase mortar flow - will also increases mortar’s bond strength because the wetter the mortar the more it can fill in the pores.
What can be done to increases the compressive strength of mortar?
Increase portland cement in mixture
What are the three types of copper pipe?
K- has the greatest thickness of all three so it is the best choice for underground installations.
L - recommended where you need strength and protection.
M - would have the greatest capacity since its the thinnest and is for normal “in the wall” household plumbing.
What are the two types of hydrated lime?
Type N (normal) hydrated lime
Type S (special) hydrated lime, which has more water content and therefore more workability and plasticity. It is also more expensive than Type N.
What joint sealants has the lowest water vapor permeability and is considered the best sealant among them all?
Butyl caulk, also known as polyisobutylene.
Also called elastomeric sealant.
What is the usefulness of an ionization smoke detector?
-they can detect fire at the earliest stage which is called Incipient Stage. This detectors react to particles in air before the fire itself starts. Therefore, they are not the best option for in areas where heat focus is expected in small areas, or in areas where regular activities produce combustion particles, like kitchens. They are good for indoor areas with low velocity wind and little visible smoke is expected.
Cold-formed steel (CFS) has what advantages over wood-light frame (WLF)? (metal framing vs wood framing)
- CFS members are stronger and more ductile than WLF members.
- CFS members are not subjected to dimensional instability like WLF members.
- A greater number of bridging and bracing lines and web-stiffening measures are required for CFS to prevent twisting and buckling of framing members.
What are the three heat strengthened glass types available?
- Tempered glass: It is the opposite of annealed glass, the glass is heated slowly and once it is melted it cools down immediately. This process creates a more durable glass, it is 4 times stronger compared to annealed glass. Tempering must be done once the glass is cut to the size. When tempered glass breaks, it breaks into tiny cubicles called: dicing. Annealed glass however, breaks into sharp edged, large pieces. Therefore, tempered glass is mostly preferred in hazardous locations and referred as safety glazing.
- Heat-soaked tempered glass: Is the most expensive of all heat treated glasses. When the risk of breakage is required to lowered more, this type of glass is used. However, since it is very expensive, the use should be justified carefully.
- Heat-strengthened (HS) glass: This glass type falls between annealed and tempered glass. When it breaks it doesn’t turn into small cubicle pieces like tempered glass but also not as sharp edged large pieces as annealed glass so it cannot be considered as safety glass. When there is thermal stress concern available, HS glass is preferred such as: spandrel are of an all-glass curtain wall.
What are three primary passive solar energy configurations?
- Direct- indoor space acts as a solar collector, heat absorber, and distribution system.
- Indirect-thermal mass (concrete, masonry, or water) is located directly behind the south-facing glass and in front of the heated indoor space and so there is no direct heating.
- Isolated-he components (e.g., collector and thermal storage) are isolated from the indoor area of the building
True or False?
A 10 dB change would be perceived as half as loud?
True
Which occupancy group requires a rated fire wall between it and every other occupancy group?
Residential
What are the three grades of Brick?
NW
SW
MW
What are the three types of brick?
FBX
FBS
FBA
Is Hot rolled or cold rolled steel used for structural members?
Hot rolled- for i beams or w flange beams.
cold is for wall studs, steel deck, etc
