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PPB Flashcards

1
Q

LETCSA

A

Law Enforcement Training Community Safety Act

200 hours, de-escalation, avoid use of deadly force

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2
Q

Schema

A

Mental model/framework about objects, people, experiences

Allows for info organization/outome predictability and mental shortcuts

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3
Q

OODA Loop

A

Observe, orient, decide, act

Recognition primed decision model

Choose first appropriate course of action, potentially without considering every option

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4
Q

5 Principle Based Tactics

A

Legal Authority

Threat Management

Communication

Equipment Management

Position and Movement

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5
Q

Legal Authority

A

Substantive law + procedural law

Need in order to justify being where you are and to do what you are doing

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6
Q

Threat Management

A

ID and manage threats

De-escalate when safe and feasible

Requires initial and ongoing threat assessment and ID opportunities for de-escalation

Hits all areas of the OODA loop

HANDS

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7
Q

Position and Movement

A

Re-assessing posture, placement, where to go

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8
Q

Communication

A

who, what, when, why, how

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9
Q

Equipment Management

A

What where, why, how

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10
Q

RABIES

A

Risks and benefits in every situation

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11
Q

3 phases of Legal Authority

A

Social Contact

Terry Stop

Probable Cause

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12
Q

Difference between 4th Amendment and WA Article 1 Section 7

A

Protects against unreasonable searches vs protects against searches without legal authority.

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13
Q

Authority of Law for Arrests

A

Warrant, PC, DV Law Prongs, Protection Order Violations, Misdemeanor Presence Rule

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14
Q

Good Faith

A

No officer may be held criminally or civilly liable for making an arrest when in good faith

Good faith = objective standard which shall consider all the facts, circumstances, and information known to the officer at the time to determine whether a similarly situated reasonable officer would have believed that the use of deadly force was necessary to prevent death or serious physical harm to the officer or another individual.

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15
Q

Arrest

A

Taking custody of another, based on probable cause, for the purpose of holding or detaining the person to answer a criminal charge in court.

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16
Q

Requirements to be in a space not open to the public

A

Warrant, consent, exigency, community caretaking

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17
Q

Probable Cause

A

When the facts ad circumstances would convince a reasonable officer that he/she has reasonable grounds to believe that suspect has committed or is committing a crime based on articulable and specific circumstances that support the conclusion….

it is an objective “reasonable officer” standard based on the totality of the circumstances considering the time, place, and other circumstances, including the officers’ experiences and training

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18
Q

RCW Title for Legal Authority

A

Title 10 - Crim procedure

Title 46 - Motor Vehicles

Title 76 - Behavioral Health

Title 77 - Fish & Wildlife

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19
Q

Warrant Arrests

A

ID warrant may exist, confirm or verify it is for the person and is good/active

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20
Q

Where can you serve a warrant

A

Public place

1st party residence (with consent, w/out consent and PC that person resides there, knock and announce w/out consent, enter is seriousness of crime necessitates entry)

3rd part residence (need consent, exigency or warrant)

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21
Q

Sources of Guidance for Use of Force

A

RCW, Case Law (state ad federal), WAC chapter 139-11), AG’s office

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22
Q

Source of authority for police

A

From the community via trust

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23
Q

Police legitimacy

A

Refers to members of the public believing that police should be allowed to use their given authority to ensure the peace and protect the community

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24
Q

Critical Decision Making

A

When safe and feasible officers shall…

  • assess and plan prior to arrival based on facts
  • request available resources as needed
  • on scene (collect info, assess situation/risks/threats, ID options for conflict resolution, determine reasonable action, constantly review and reassess)
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25
Q

Immediate threat of serious bodily injury or death

A

Person has the present and apparent ABILITY, OPPORTUNITY, and INTENT

Time, distance and shielding can remove these

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26
Q

De-escalation Tactics

A

Clear instructions, verbal persuasion, verbal & non-verbal, demonstrate respect, neutral & fair, one officer communicating, patience/as much time as needed

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27
Q

Pace control

A

Slow down, don’ create the situation

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28
Q

Force risks

A

It’s a seizure, injury, criminal or civil liability

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29
Q

Reasonable Care

A

Considering people’s characteristics and conditions

Children, elderly, pregnant, English proficiency, mental/behavioral conditions

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30
Q

Necessary

A

Under the totality of the Circumstances, a reasonably effective alternative to the Use of physical force or deadly force does not appear to exist, and the type and amount of physical force or deadly force used is a reasonable and proportional response to affect the legal purpose or to protect against the threat posed to the officer or others.

31
Q

Totality of the Circumstances

A

All facts known to the officer leading up to, and at the time of, the use of force, and includes the actions of the officer

32
Q

Reasonableness

A

Shall be evaluated based on the Totality of the Circumstances known to the officer leading up to …. and at the time of, the Use of force, including immediacy of the threat, the actions of the person against whom force is used, the actions of the officer, and the seriousness of the law enforcement purpose …

determining whether Use of force is reasonable includes assessing whether the officer made tactical decisions to minimize unnecessary risks to themselves & others, “did appropriate de-escalation”, prior to Use of force and exercised reasonable care

33
Q

Proportionality

A

Corresponds to the immediacy and severity of the threat of resistance … seriousness of the law enforcement objective … threat or resistance may change

34
Q

Reasonableness policy factors

A

State & Federal law (Graham Factors), Agency Policy, training

35
Q

Graham Factors

A

Graham v Connor

-Severity of the Crime
-Whether suspect is an immediate threat to officer or others
- Actively resisting or attempting to evade arrest

36
Q

Top Priorities at a Crime Scene

A

1.) Make a scene safe
2.) Render Aid -> citizens, officers, criminals
3.) Investigate

37
Q

SAVER (crisis)

A

Safety / slow down
Active listening
Validate (emotions/experiences
Empathy
Redirect/Resources/Refer

38
Q

Signs vs Symptoms

A

Signs = external/visible/measurable

Symptoms = internal, medical, personal

39
Q

Four Basic Search Patterns

A

Line (one direction/ left to right/ large scenes)

Grid (same as line but overlap/ E to W then N to S)

Radius (Pie shaped/ center -> outward)

Zone/Quadrant (Most common/ cars, houses, irregular areas)

40
Q

Terry Stop

A

An officer may briefly stop and detain and individual for investigation without a warrant if the officer reasonably suspects the person is engaged or about to be engaged in criminal conduct

Can frisk for weapons if the reasonable believe safety to self or others is endangered

1.) Legit stop
2.) reasonable frisk factors
3.) Frisk limited to protective factors

41
Q

Terry v Ohio

A

1963 Cleveland

-Officer safety
-Frisks limited to outer clothing/removal of anything that may be a weapon
-Cannot be for evidence

42
Q

Frisk Factors

A

Stand alone (crime of violence, threat of violence, crime involving weapons, know/reported or likely to have weapons, prior history of being armed, dangerous, officer safety alert, physically uncooperative)

Othe factors (officer is alone, isolated location, hours of darkness, subject demeanor, bulky clothing, weighted pockets, suspicious bulges, furtive movement, history of area, history w/ subject)

43
Q

Purpose of Miranda Rights

A

Protect 5th and 6th Amendment rights

Required when questioning is initiated by LE during custody or when subject is deprived of freedoms or actions

44
Q

Miranda v Arizona

A

(Supreme Court, 1966)

Was not advised of his rights to an attorney being present

Affirms statements from interrogation (custodial) require procedural safeguards to prevent self-incrimination

45
Q

When is Miranda not required

A

Terry detentions / PC w/out custody

Non-accusatory questions, fact-finding questions, conversation, our of custody

46
Q

Waiving of Miranda rights / Miranda process

A

Must be done so voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently

NEED yes or no

Confirm understanding of rights

Obtain waiver of rights

STOP questioning if at any point they say that they do not want to talk to you

Giving, advice of rights and waiver of rights must be recorded in its entirety

Must advise persons in custody they are being audio and visually recorded

47
Q

Profiling

A

Suspecting or targeting a person on the basis of observed characteristics or behaviors (falls short of RS and PC)

48
Q

Pre-text Contacts

A

Police use legal justification in order to stop and contact a citizen for an unrelated, more serious offense (criminal act) for which the officer did not have the RS or PC to make the contact

49
Q

Pre-text Case Law

A

State v Ladson 1999
- Gang task force, vehicle pre-text stop and frisk for drugs

State v Mendez 1999
- Prohibits officers from ordering passengers to stay in the vehicle or leave
- Must be an articulable officer/passenger/public/ safety reason for ordering the passenger to stay or leave

50
Q

Case Law Identification

A

State v Ranking 2004
- Only driver is detained, you cannot ask the passenger to ID themselves

51
Q

Violations you can stop for vs Cannot (traffic)

A

Primary (can) - Ex = speeding

Secondary (cannot) - Ex = dangerously distracted driving

52
Q

Search Warrant

A

Order by a neutral/detached magistrate who has authority to issue the order directing LE to search personal property and bring the same person before the court.

3 Parts (Form, affidavit, inventory & return service form)

53
Q

Exceptions to a search warrant

A

Search indecent to arrest, consent, exigent circumstances

54
Q

Search warrant benefits

A

Procedural advantage for prosecution (switches burden of proof), practical advantage in court (interpreted to be common sense and realistic)

55
Q

7 Elements to a Search Warrant

A

1.) Issued by proper official
2.) crime specifically identified
3.) Issued upon PC
4.) Made under oath
5.) Place of search is particularly described
6.) Objects/persons seized particularly described
7.) Specify that a return be made to the court listing an inventory

56
Q

Warrant Form includes …

A

court of jurisdiction, type of crime, description of items/places, seizure items, limited # of days for service, signature block

57
Q

Warrant affidavit includes …

A

Intro (training and experiences), narrative (facts and circumstances), conclusion

58
Q

Prongs for Informant PC for a Warrant

A

Aguilar Spinelli

Reliability and credibility

59
Q

LEED

A

Listen, Explain, Equity, Dignity

60
Q

Procedural Justice

A

Fairness in processes to resolve disputes

4 Pillars
- Fair in process
- Transparent in actions
- Provide opportunity for voice
- Impartial in decision making

Goal in voluntary compliance and increase police legitimacy

61
Q

3 phases for an interview?

A

Safety, story, start writing

Safety (threat management, pace control, assess/stabilize) … suspect armed? description of person or vehicle, direction of travel, medical attention?

Story (prepared to interview, hands free, distance, eyes on person, demeanor)

62
Q

Three E’s of Traffic

A

Educate, Engineer, Enforcement

63
Q

Secondary Traffic Violations

A

Intermediate license violations, sounds system unsecured, dangerously reckless driving

64
Q

How longs can you conduct a traffic stop

A

Reasonable amount of time (~ 20 minutes)

65
Q

When does the driver not need to stay in the vehicle?

A

Does not need to stay when the passenger committed the violation

66
Q

What must the driver do / provide if they committed the violation

A

STOP

Driver’s license, proof of insurance, registration

67
Q

What paperwork must be signed on a traffic stop by the driving violator

A

registration

68
Q

ITA Age thresholds

A

12 & under - parent has the final say

13-17 - ITA process can be discussed with the parent, but ultimate decision is made by LE

69
Q

4 ITA Prongs

A

Danger to self, danger to others, danger to property, gravely disabled

70
Q

Crisis 3s Model

A

Scene control (threat assessment/ make sure scene is safe)

Start a dialogue (body language/active listening/open)

Solution (incident resolution)

71
Q

Crisis Intervention (OPEN) model

A

Open ended questions (conversation before information)

Paraphrasing (repeating for clarification / avoid the triggers)

Empathy/ Emotional labeling (feeling statements, don’t assume, accuracy of experience)

Next steps (resources, referral , choices, challenges)

72
Q

Crisis CPR

A

Current plan (do you have a plan in mind, do you have access to those means, when are you planning to do this)

Past behaviors (have you tried to kill yourself before)

Resources (do you have a counselor, anyone you’ve shared this with before, what have you done before when you felt like this)

73
Q
A

BLEA (6 decks)

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