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Ecosystem
The interaction of biotic (living) things and abiotic (non-living) things in a given area.
Community
Different populations interacting with each other
Population
A group of the same species of organisms living in the same place at the same time.
Abiotic factors
Rocks insects live under, a cave wolves live in, air we breath.
Biotic factors
Ants, dying log insects live in
Biosphere
Part of our planet where living things exist.
The intersection of the Atmosphere (air), Hydrosphere (water) and Lithosphere (land)
Autotrophs
organisms that produce their own energy
Heterotrophs
organisms that can not photosynthesise
Palisade Mesophyll
densely packed, contains a large amount of chloroplasts (where photosynthesis occurs)
Xylem
transports water from the roots to the leaves
Pholem
transports food (glucose) from the leaves to the rest of the plant
Stoma (stomata)
allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to be released from the leaf
Guard cells
open and close the stomata
Where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplast organelles within plant cells (found mostly in mesophyll cells)
What does photosynthesis require for it to occur?
carbon dioxide, water (reactants) light, chlorophyll (needed for the reaction but not changed by it)
Word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water (light and chlorophyll) —-> glucose + oxygen
Where does cellular respiration occur?
aerobic = mitochondria
anaerobic = cytoplasm
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
to convert stored energy into usable energy for mostly growth, repair, movement, and reproduction
What is required for aerobic cellular respiration to occur?
glucose + oxygen
What is required for anaerobic cellular respiration to occur?
glucose
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
glucose —-> lactic acid + ATP
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in fungi, bacteria, and yeast (fermentation)?
glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate is the molecules that cells use for energy.
Products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Difference between a food web and a food chain
a food web shows all of the connections between the individual food chains
Arrows in a food chain
represent the transfer of energy
How is energy lost when moving through trophic levels?
Through an organism’s metabolic processes such as waste, growth, and movement which release energy into the environment as heat, sound etc.
Food chains
they show how energy in the form of food is passed from one organism to another.
Organism
composed of cells, any biological living system that functions as an individual life form (the name for any living thing whether it is an animal, plant, or bacteria)
Habitat
where organisms live in ecosystems
Natural impacts that may disrupt ecosystems
Natural disasters - floods, droughts, and bushfires not only kill species (drowning, burning) they also limit resources decreasing the population
Human impacts that may disrupt ecosystems
Pollution
Deforestation/farming
Hunting
How can introduced species disrupt ecosystems
Introduced species disrupt ecosystems because new species may not have any predators, or other factors to keep the population down so their population grows taking up resources and decreasing native populations.
Spongy Mesophyll
Spread out, contains cells with chloroplast for photosynthesis but less than the palisade and had air spaces in between cells which is where gas is stored
The 7 nutrients cycled through ecosystems
Carbon, Oxygen, Water, Potassium, Calcium, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
Decomposers
help recycle nutrients and minerals back into the soil by breaking down dead matter into substances that can be reused by plants.
The conservation of mass
Matter can not be created or destroyed. The shape or form of matter may change, but the total amount of matter stays the same.
The conservation of energy
Energy is never created or destroyed. It may be transferred from one type of energy to another or stored, but the total amount of energy is always conserved.
Water Cycle
Accumulation/Transpiration –> Evaporation –> Precipitation –> Surface/Subsurface runoff <-_)
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere –> Photosynthesis –> carbon is released into the atmosphere through cellular respiration in plants and the animals that eat the plant.
Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere –> Photosynthesis –> plants decay in the ground the carbon is transformed into fossil fuels –> humans burn fossil fuels (coal, oil) releasing it into atmosphere
Scientific Method
observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, results
Hypothesis
if (independent variable) then (dependent variable)
Independent variable
what is changed by the experimenter
Dependent variable
what is measured by the experimenter
Controlled Variable
all the factors kept the same/consistent in the experiment
