power and the people- part 2, challenging royal authority Flashcards
Pilgrimage of Grace, English Civil War, American Revolution
in the 16th Century what was the church’s place in society
centre of communities- were a place of learning and culture, offered medical treatment and sometimes acted as refuges for the poor or homeless
as people in the 16th C were worried about going to hell, what did they pay the church
indulgences to forgive their sins and help them get to heaven
when did the reformation start, and what was its aims
- was a religious movement that started in the 1500s
- aimed to reform the Catholic church
why did people want to reform the Catholic church in the 1500s
because of its wealth and influence in society
who fuelled the ideas of the reformation of the Church in 1517
- Martin Luther and his writings
- translated the Bible into German and criticised the Church for selling indulgences
what Act did Henry pass to make himself head of the Church in 1534
Act of Supremacy
who was Henry VIIIs main advisor which helped him increase his wealth and divorce his first wife (Catherine of Aragon)
Thomas Cromwell
why did Henry VIII support the reformation
- Henry saw the Pope as a competing power; he wanted the people of England to listen to him only
- Henry wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon but the pope would not allow it
- if Henry was in charge of the Church he would not need to pay the Pope taxes
how was Thomas Cromwell going to make Henry VIII the richest king in Europe
by dissolving the monasteries
what income did the church get annually, and why did Henry VIII want it
- £200,000
- it was double Henry’s and he wanted this to become wealthy
in 1536, what monasteries were shut down
small monasteries with an annual income under £200
what writings did Cromwell set up to evaluate the monasteries and what did they state
- Valour Ecclesiasticus
- they were reports about how the monasteries were spending their money- if they weren’t properly run they would be shut down
- those writing the reports were encouraged to make the Monasteries sound worse than they were to make them easier to shut down
what were the 4 main causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace
- Rising prices
- Changes to religion
- Landowners lost influence
- Cromwell’s power
how did rising prices help cause the Pilgrimage of Grace
prices continued to rise under Henry VIII reign- his advisers were blamed
how did changes to religion help cause the Pilgrimage of Grace
many people wanted the monasteries back with the Pope as the head of the church
how did landowners losing influence help cause the Pilgrimage of Grace
those who had been supporters of Catherine of Aragon fell out of favour after the divorce
how did Cromwell’s power help cause the Pilgrimage of Grace
Cromwell was hated by landowners who resented his influence; he was blamed for the changes to the church
in 1536 a rebellion in Yorkshire by Christians broke out, what were their demands and what was it called?
- their demands:
- restore the monasteries because of their importance in the community
- recognise the pope as the head of the church
- dismiss Cromwell and other ministers who were giving the King poor advice
- was called the Pilgrimage of Grace
what did the marchers of the Pilgrimage of Grace carry
a banner that showed the 5 wounds of Christ
who was the Pilgrimage of Grace aimed at
the kings advisers about religion as they were seen as corrupting it
who was the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace
Robert Aske
why did the rebels aim the rebellion at the kings advisors, and not Henry VIII himself
as otherwise would seem that they were challenging royal authority
who was selected by Henry VIII to fight/ negotiate with the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace
Duke of Norfolk as he was a Catholic and a strong critic of Cromwell
describe the events that took place between Aske and Henry in 1536 and start of 1537
- December 1536- List of demands presented to the King
- Aske spent the Christmas with Henry and got reassured that he was taking their demand seriously
- Henry started to strengthen his garrison in the North
- January 1537- Castles in the North were attacked by rebels
- Henry cancelled the pardons and sent the Duke of Norfolk to the North
- rebels surrendered and some were hung and the rebellion was over
what were the religious impacts of the Pilgrimage of Grace
- failed to stop dissolution of the monasteries
- in 1539, many larger monasteries were dissolved
what were the economic impacts of the Pilgrimage of Grace
- the economy improved from the money from the monasteries and Henry was able to develop the Royal Navy
- landowners bought the monasteries land
what were the political impacts of the Pilgrimage of Grace
- Cromwell had Darcy, Hussey and Aske Killed
- Henry strengthened the council in the North
- no more rebellions took place during Henry VIII reign
- Cromwell eventually fell out of Henry’s power in 1540 and was executed
describe the events of the outbreak of the Pilgrimage of Grace in the North
- Lord Hussey who supported Catherine of Aragon started the rebellion in Lincon- he wanted a removal of tax in peacetime
- the town of York and Pontefract Castle were captured, they had been held by Lord Darcy by he surrendered and joined the rebels
- by the end of October 1536, they had control of most of England north of Cheshire and Lincolnshire
- 27th October- Duke of Norfolk sent to meet Pilgrims at Doncaster Bridge with an army of 8000 men- the rebels had 30,000
when was the Pilgrimage of Grace, and was it a success or a failure
- 1536
- failure
when did Charles I become King
1625
who was King when the English Civil war broke out
Charles I
what were the 11 main causes of the English revolution?
- Charles believed that King’s derived from God- so he should not have to justify his actions- DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS
- The king had favourites
- King ruled without parliament since 1629
- The king taxed everybody with ship money
- Charles married a French catholic- Henrietta Maria
- Church became more catholic
- A new prayer book in 1637- upset the Scots
- Scots defeated Charles’ army, then invaded England
- Puritans wrote critically and were punished by the Star Chamber
- Short parliament in 1640 would not give Charles money to fight the Scots
- Parliament worried that Earl of Strafford would help Charles rule with an Irish army
after the Laudian reforms imposed a new prayer book in Scotland, what did some people join together to sign in 1638
a covenant
what did the covenant signed by the Presbyterians in 1638 state (in Scotland)
they would not accept the changes to the prayer book- would now be known as Covenanters (those who signed it)
in what city did the English Civil war start
Nottingham
what date did the English Civil war start
August 1642
what were the 2 army’s called in the English civil war
- Cavaliers (royalist)
- Roundheads (parliamentarians)
who and why were people part of the cavaliers army
- wealthy landowners who did not want to lose their wealth
- mainly based in Northern England
- those who were worried about the growing influence of parliament
who and why did people fight in the roundheads army
- supported by middle-class and peasant workers
- mainly based in Southern England and London
- mostly merchants who were not happy about the Kings taxes
- those who did not support Charles religious and political reforms
who was Oliver Cromwell
- Mp for Cornwall
- led parliamentary forces with Thomas Fairfax
- created New model army
- Puritan
what was the first war in the English Civil War called, and what happened
- Battle of Edgehill, 1642
- no clear winner after this battle
- King tried to take London but failed and withdrew to Oxford
- both sides had fought using cavalry and infantry- used basic tactics
what did most parliamentarians want removal of (to do with the King)
removal of royal reforms- not full removal of the King
Oliver Cromwell wanted to remove the King overall, how did he recruit men for his New Model Army
based it upon their ability rather than their privilege
what were the rules of the New Model Army
- the army was disciplined and lived by a strict religious moral code
- weren’t allowed to drink or swear
what were the statistics of the New Model Army in 1645
14,000 men compared to the royalist army of 9000 men
what were the tactics of the New Model Army in 1645
- approached slowly rather than charging
- manoeuvred behind the royalist infantry and attacked from the rear
what was the outcome of the New Model Army in 1645
- end of the king’s last great army
- the New Model army went on to capture Bristol and Oxford
describe the second Civil War starting in 1647
- 1647- Charles surrendered to the Scottish army which later handed him over to the New Model Army to go on trial for treason
- whilst negotiating- Charles encouraged a Scottish army to invade England
- 1648- Battle of Preston the Scots fought the New Model Army- got defeated- Charles couldn’t be trusted
- December 1648- The regiment of Thomas Pride surrounded parliament- refused entry to those who supported the king- Charles was tried with no supporters
on what date was Charles I put on trial, what for
- January 1649
- for treason
out of the 135 commissioners due to be at Charles I trial, how many turned up
68
on what date was Charles I due to be executed for treason, how did the court president justify it
- 30th January 1649
- by saying Charles had attacked the basic liberties of the country by refusing to call Parliament
what were the 4 justifications for Charles I execution
- MORAL- The court heard that Charles approved of the ill-treatment of parliamentary forces during war
- RELIGIOUS- as far as soldiers and Cromwell were concerned, the King’s defeat was a sign of God’s providence
- POLITICAL- there was a new sense of freedom as ordinary men could now have influence
- ECONOMIC- People wanted an end to the taxes they had to endure under Charles reign such as ship money
what was the impact on the Commonwealth of the English Civil War and Charles’ execution (new ideas)
- the Levellers were a politically radical group who spread the idea of votes for all men and a more equal society
- the Diggers were similar to the Levellers but they campaigned for land reform
- English society changed to become more equal and ordered because of Puritanism
what was the impact on the Commonwealth of the English Civil War and Charles’ execution (religion)
- Cromwell was a puritan and wanted society to reflect his ideas
- however, people were free to worship however they liked
- Jews, who had been banished from England in 1290, were invited back to Britain
- religious radicalism developed
what was the impact on the Commonwealth of the English Civil War and Charles’ execution (economy)
- the Navigation Act of 1651 stated that only English ships could arrive at or leave England
- the system of taxation was reorganised to make it more efficient for everyone
what was the impact on the Commonwealth of the English Civil War and Charles’ execution (politics)
- Cromwell won wars against the Spanish and Dutch, restoring England’s reputation
- he appointed Major Generals to the 11 districts he created- they kept strict control over everyone
on what date did Charles I son come into power
1660- Charles II
what did a law that was passed in 1689 do to the monarch
limited all the powers of the King
in the 1660s, how did people view Oliver Cromwell
saw him as the devil after Charles II became the King
in the 19th century, how did attitudes change towards Cromwell
historians started to be kinder towards him once Britain was moving towards a democracy
in the 1760-70s Britain had a large empire called the British Empire, what country was very unhappy about being part of it
People of America
what did Britain use America for in the 1700s
- used them as a colony to grow crops like cotton, tobacco and sugar
- penal colony- sent 50,000 convicts to America
- slave trade as had a population of 2.5 million
what were the long term causes of the American revolution
- American’s resented paying for the British army’s presence in North America
- Navigation Acts meant that colonists could only trade with the British and no other countries
- colonists disagreed with land boundaries that the British had agreed with the Native Americans
what were the medium term causes of the American revolution
- the Americans were ruled from Britain yet they had no representation in parliament
- Stamp Tax- a tax on all documents including newspapers- was very unpopular
- they were unhappy at paying taxes without having a say in them. They used the slogan ‘no taxation without representation’
what were the short term causes of the American revolution
- 1770- Boston Massacre- the British army shot and killed some anti–British colonists
- 1773- Boston Tea party- colonists poured British tea into the harbour in protest at the Tea Tax imposed by the British
- 1775- Lexington Incident- British Soldiers were fired on when they tried to seize some gunpowder- this was the start of the American revolution
when was the Declaration of Independence signed
1776
who signed the Declaration of Independence
Americans met in Congress- George Washington signed it with the British
what did the Declaration of Independence state
that the 13 colonies were free from British control
describe the Battle of Yorktown
- 1781, was the decisive battle of the war
- Americans had 3000 extra men and they had the French support
- French secured waters around Yorktown so the British could not get their supplies in from the sea
- British troops moved onto a peninsula as they awaited supplies
- George Washington attacked the British, the British were forced to surrender
- British authority had successfully been challenged- the development of democracy
what were the consequences of the American revolution for America
- set up their own system of government with a constitution, Congress and a President
- the system still exists today
- poor people didn’t get the vote despite the Declaration of Independence stating that ‘all men are equal’
- slavery still existed and Native Americans were still discriminated against
- by the early 1900s, America had developed into one of the most powerful countries in the world
what were the consequences of the American revolution for Britain
- relations with France worsened after the war, as the French supported the Americans
- Britain used Australia and New Zealand as new penal colonies
- India had become the most powerful colony- the ‘jewel in the crown’
- Britain had to deal with its growing working class population who might like the idea of overthrowing authority
what were the consequences of the American revolution for the world
- the American Revolution inspired the French Revolution and King Louis XVI was executed
- the French Revolution inspired the working class in Britain and other countries to demand voting rights and better representation
