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history > conflict and tension- part 1, peacemaking > Flashcards

conflict and tension- part 1, peacemaking Flashcards

chapters 1-3

1
Q

who were the ‘Big Three’?

A

leaders of the most powerful victorious countries- Britain, France and USA
Britain- David Lloyd George (PM)
France- George Clemenceau (PM)
USA- Woodrow Wilson (President)

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2
Q

what was the ‘Paris Peace Conference’?

A

when the representatives from the 32 winning countries met in the Palace of Versailles to decide on the terms of the final peace treaties, Jan 1919

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3
Q

what were George Clemenceau’s aims?

A
  • wanted Germany to pay for reparations to rebuild areas of France badly affected by war (destroyed railways, mines, factories, bridges and farmland)
  • wanted revenge for all the lives lost (France suffered the most deaths)
  • aimed to weaken Germany so it could never attack again
  • wanted to push German border back to the Rhine so French could feel safer

many French wanted revenge- put Clemenceau under a lot of pressure

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4
Q

what were David Lloyd George’s aims?

A
  • wanted a cautious approach: British public wanted Germany to be punished, but Lloyd George feared this would lead to Germany wanting revenge
  • wanted to keep Germany strong so it could trade with Britain and act as a buffer to Communism
  • aimed to gain German colonies to add to the British Empire
  • wanted naval supremacy by reducing Germany’s navy

was elected because he promised to ‘make Germany pay’- British people wanted revenge but he was more cautious

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5
Q

what were Woodrow Wilson’s aims?

A
  • wanted a fair peace, so Germany would not seek revenge
  • proposed the Fourteen Points, including the foundation of a League of Nations, self-determination and freedom of the seas; but the American public didn’t want the USA to get involved in European affairs again

America made a lot of money selling weapons to the allies so most Americans didn’t feel the need to revenge

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6
Q

when was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

A

28th June 1919

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7
Q

was the ToV a success?

A
  • it was a Diktat (Germany was not allowed to negotiate the terms)
  • Germany was devastated by the terms
  • Big 3 weren’t really satisfied either
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8
Q

what were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? (14)

A
  • Article 231 (war guilt clause)
  • Article 232 (reparations- £6.6billion)
  • Navy: restricted to 15,000, with only 1500 officers, 6 battleships
  • Germany were not allowed tanks, submarines or an air force
  • army was limited to 100,000
  • Anschluss was forbidden
  • LoN formed, but Germany wasn’t allowed to join
  • Danzig was taken from Germany
  • Germany was split in 2 by the Polish Corridor
  • conscription was not allowed
  • Saar was given to the LoN to control for 15 years
  • Rhineland demilitarised
  • Germany’s colonies were given to the LoN as mandates
  • Germany lost 10% of its land
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9
Q

what were some of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points? (7)

A
  • no secret treaties
  • freedom of the seas
  • disarmament
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
    -self determination in the Austrio-Hungarian and Ottoman empires
  • independence to be given to Romania, Serbia, Montenegro
  • an independent Polish state to be created with access to the sea
  • LoN to be formed
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10
Q

what was Clemenceau pleased about in the ToV?

A
  • France gaining Alsace-Lorraine
  • Germany having no army to present in the Rhineland
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11
Q

what was Clemenceau unhappy about in the ToV?

A
  • reparations- French thought Germany should pay more
  • Germany being allowed to have an army, even a small one
  • the Rhineland not being completely taken away from Germany
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12
Q

what was Lloyd George pleased about in the ToV?

A
  • Britain having naval supremacy over Germany
  • the British Empire gaining more colonies- now covered 1/3 of the globe
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13
Q

what was Lloyd George unhappy about in the ToV?

A
  • the harsh reparations meaning Britain would lose trade with Germany
  • the threat of a possible future war as the Germans were so unhappy
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14
Q

what was Wilson pleased about in the ToV?

A
  • the creation of the League of Nations
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15
Q

what was Wilson unhappy about in the ToV?

A
  • the Fourteen Points being ignored in the treaty terms
  • the harshness of the treaty terms
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16
Q

why couldn’t the Big Three get everything they wanted in the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • they had different and often contrasting aims- they had to compromise
  • During the war, countries had been promised rewards for joining on the side of the Allies, e.g. Italy was promised land- Big 3 had to keep these promises
  • Wilson and Lloyd George now disagreed over the original terms of the armistice that Germany has signed Nov 1918
  • Wilson wanted the USA to join LoN, but US Senate followed a policy of isolationism and refused this
  • Europe was crumbling after the war -> Big 3 under pressure to reach an agreement quickly- Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires had collapsed leaving countries w/o stable governments- each politician had to do what the people of their country wanted to get reelected- ordinary citizens had been fed anti-German propaganda during the war and felt little mercy towards the losers
17
Q

how did Britain react to the ToV?

A
  • propaganda during the war taught Brits to despise the Germans, and lots of British soldiers had been killed in the war
  • British people generally thought that the treaty was fair, and could have been harsher
  • Lloyd George was hailed as a hero and newspapers said Britain would never be threatened by Germany again
18
Q

how did France react to the ToV?

A
  • many people in France were furious- believed the treaty was nowhere near harsh enough and that Germany should suffer as much as France had during the war
  • people felt Clemenceau had not done enough to get revenge for France- voted out in the next election
  • there were a few terms that they liked- like gaining control of the Saar and its coalfields for 15 years
19
Q

how did USA react to the ToV?

A
  • had joined the war in 1917 and no fighting took place on US soil, so they didn’t want revenge or compensation in the same way that the British and French did
  • many people felt that the treaty was too harsh, including Wilson
  • USA wanted to follow a policy of isolationism
  • US Senate refused to approve the treaty or to allow the USA to join the League of Nations
20
Q

why did German people hate the treaty so much? (7)

A
  • felt it was forced on them and that they weren’t allowed to negotiate the terms (Diktat)
  • hated the war guilt clause
  • had been told they were winning the war so they felt they were stabbed in the back by the government (November Criminals)
  • 13% land was lost to other countries- 6 million people found they were no longer living in Germany
  • felt it had left them vulnerable- were hated by old enemies and w/o an army to defend- could be attacked easily
  • people were starving because Britain had blockaded the ports during the war- little food in Germany- were desperate and needed help- didn’t see how they could cope with the punishment
  • the Kaiser had abdicated before the treaty was signed- uncertainty about how country should be run; also felt that the Kaiser was responsible for the war and had been punished so there was no need for further punishment
21
Q

what land did Germany lose to the West, who took it?

A

Alsace Lorraine -> France
Eupen and Malmedy -> Belgium

22
Q

what land did Germany lose to the East, who took it?

A

West Prussia, Posen, Upper Silesia -> Poland (Polish Corridor)

22
Q

what land did Germany lose to the North, who took it?

A

North Schleswig -> Denmark

23
Q

how much land did Germany lose in total?

A

10%

24
Q

what does Article 231 mean?

A

war guilt clause: Germany had to take full responsibility for the war

25
Q

what does Article 232 mean?

A

reparations- had to pay 6.6billion- was estimated to take until 1988 to pay back

26
Q

what was forbidden by Germany and Austria?

A

Anschluss (union)

27
Q

what happened to German colonies after ToV

A

given as mandates to the LoN -> Britain and France now controlled them

28
Q

what 2 parts of Germany was given to the LoN

A

North Danzig -> made a free city
Saarland -> 15 years under LoN control

29
Q

what was the Polish Corridor + impacts

A
  • strip of land that gave Poland access to the sea
  • meant Poland now owned land where German people lived (who weren’t happy with new nationality), Germany was split in two- weakened -> resentment
  • Russia argued about Poland’s eastern boarders
  • Poland had no natural boarders (like mountains or rivers)- not defended easily
30
Q

what does Diktat mean

A

forced treaty

31
Q

what does self determination mean

A

the idea that countries / colonies should be able to govern themselves rather than being in an empire (part of Wilsons 14 points)

32
Q

Treaty of St Germain:
country, date, land, reparations, military restrictions, other terms

A
  • Austria
  • 10th September 1919
  • land taken to create new countries (Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia)
  • agreed but amount never fixed
  • 30,000 in army, no conscription, no navy
  • forbidden to unite with Germany
33
Q

Treaty of Neuilly:
country, date, land, reparations, military restrictions

A
  • Bulgaria
  • 27th Nov 1919
  • lost land to Yugoslavia and Greece
  • £100 million
  • 20,000 in army, no conscription, no air force, only 4 battleships
34
Q

Treaty of Trianon:
country, date, land, reparations, military restrictions

A
  • Hungary
  • 4th June 1920
  • lost land to Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria
  • agreed but amount never fixed
  • 30,000 in army, no conscription, only 3 patrol boats
35
Q

Treaty of Sevres:
country, date, land, reparations, military restrictions, other terms

A
  • Turkey
  • 10th August 1920
  • split up the Turkish Empire so Turkey lost almost all its land in Europe
  • none
  • 50,000 in army, 7 sailboats, 6 torpedo boats
  • Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits were opened to other countries

people in Turkey revolted- British replaced it with the Treaty of Lausanne July 1923

36
Q

Impact of treaties (Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey) and problems faced by new states

A
  • caused Treaty of Lausanne, July 1923- symbolic as it proved that the treaties couldn’t be enforced and showed that Britain was willing to undermine the treaties
  • losing land meant the Austrian and Hungarian economies collapsed in 1921
  • east Europe was now divided into lots of small countries
  • Poland was re-established as an independent country
37
Q

what were the strengths of the ToV?

A
  • war had caused lots of damage- especially in France- reparations were needed to rebuild
  • France regained Alsace-Lorraine
  • many areas had not wanted to be part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire- places like Czechoslovakia and Poland were given independence
38
Q

what were the weaknesses of the ToV? (6)

A
  • new states were created (or re-established), but Poland was weakened because it was surrounded by boarders that were difficult to defend
  • Austria and Hungary lost so much land that their economies crashed in 1921
  • Lloyd George and Wilson feared that the treaties would lead to another war in the future
  • the Treaty of Lausanne proves that the treaties couldn’t be enforced and showed people like Hitler and Mussolini that Britain was willing to undermine them
  • neither Clemenceau, Lloyd George or Wilson were satisfied with the outcomes of the treaties- people in UK, France thought should be harsher, US thought too harsh
  • people in some of the defeated countries hated and felt humiliated by the treaties- were revolts in Germany and Turkey

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