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Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of free range poultry?

A

During daylight have access to:

  • ground with vegetation
  • mud and nettles
  • bark, woodchips, gravel or mesh
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2
Q

Normal temperature for poultry?

A

40-42C

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3
Q

Normal HR for poultry? Normal respiratory rate for poultry?

A

120-160bpm (Auscultate through wishbone)

20-130brpm - watch tail movement

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4
Q

Where to take blood from a bird?

A

Wing vein

Right jugular

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5
Q

Which worm eggs should be looked for in a poultry faecal sample?

A 
Gizzard worm
Trichostrongyle
Heterakis
Gapeworm
Capilaria
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6
Q

What skin glands do poultry have?

A

Generally no sebaceous or sweat glands
Uropygieal/preen gland in some species - produces lipid secretion for feather maintenance
Within outer auditory canal
Ventral glands of cloaca

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7
Q

What is the brood patch?

A

Different proportion/location for different species
Mostly caudal half of ventral apterous
Hormone controlled
Prior to laying, loses all/part of feathers and highly vascularised
Many thermo-receptors
Subsequent cycle of moulting, feathers regrown

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8
Q

Problems with poultry feathers?

A 
Feather pecking
Moulting
Wing clipping
Nutrition related
De-pluming mite
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9
Q

Indications of skin problems?

A

Discoloured comb - pale, purple, black, yellow, white flakes, white spots

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10
Q

Treatment for skin and feather parasites of poultry?

A 
Lice: louse powder
Mites: louse powder contains permethrin
Diatomaceous earth
Scaly leg mite: surgical spirit
De-pluming mite: ? Do not use fipronil (not licensed)
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11
Q

How do the proventirulus and gizzard work together?

A

Food moves between them several times
Works like stomach and teeth
Gizzard must have insoluble grit to act as teeth

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12
Q

What do capillaria, heterakis, ascarids, trichostrongyles, tapeworm and gizzard worm cause in poultry?

A

Capillaria: ill thrift, fatal
Heterakis: ill thrift
Ascarids: ill thrift, fatal if impaction
Trichostrongyles: ill thrift, severe weight loss
Tape worm: ill thrift, weight loss
Gizzard worm: fatal in young stock
All have variable degree of loss of LBW, FCR, drop in egg production

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13
Q

What is Heterakis a vector/intermediate host for?

A

Histomonas spp

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14
Q

Treatment of poultry worms?

A

Flubendazole licensed wormer

In food for 7 days

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15
Q

What does Histomonosis cause in poultry? Species? Intermediate host? Prevention/treatment?

A 
'Blackhead'
Histomonas melaegridis
Yellow diarrhoea, fatal if not treated early
Intermediate host = Heterakis gallinarum
No specific treatment
Biosecurity top priority
Control Heterakis - flubendazole
Mortality up to 100%
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16
Q

What does Trichomonosis cause in poultry? Treatment?

A

Cancker
Worm regularly and cider vinegar (7d/month)
Probiotics

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17
Q

What does Hexamitosis cause in poultry?

A

Diarrhoea and unthriftiness

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18
Q

Clinical signs of Chlamydia psittaci infections of poultry and waterfowl? Diagnosis, treatment and prevention?

A

Purulent ocular and nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis
Dull and depressed
Anorexia
Ruffled feathers
Diagnosis - clinical signs, lesions, bacteriology, serology
Treatment/prevention - no vaccine available, antibiotics (no response to macrolides), hygiene and sanitation, biosecurity

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19
Q

Clinical signs of Aspergillus fumigatus infection in poultry and young game birds?

A

Dyspnoea/gasping poults
Production drops (poultry)
Weight loss
Mortality increased

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20
Q

How long does it take for an egg to be made and travel from infundibulum to cloaca? What happens at each place?

A 
Infundibulum: catches ovum, 0.5h
Magnum: albumin added, 3h
Isthmus: shell membranes added, 1.25h
Uterus: egg shell added, 20h
Vagina
Cloaca
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21
Q

How long is incubation for chickens, turkeys and ducks?

A

Chickens: 21d

Turkeys and ducks: 28d

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22
Q

What temperature to store eggs at and for how long for incubation?

A

10C
Over 24h but <7d old
Turn eggs daily

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23
Q

What is candling?

A

9-10d after incubation
To determine the egg fertility
Use small bright torch held at broad end of egg in dark room

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24
Q

Clinical signs of egg peritonitis?

A

Ascites
Peritonitis
Death

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25
Q

How may eggs and the oviduct be affected by IBV infection?

A

Mis-shapen/weak eggs
Watery whites
Rough shell
Cystic/atrophic oviduct

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26
Q

How does Mycoplasma synoviae affect eggs?

A

Apex egg abnormalities

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27
Q

What is the main cause of egg bound?

A

Lack of available calcium

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28
Q

Which drugs to use for anaesthesia of poultry?

A

Ketamine
SC or IM or in bait for peacock capture
And medetomidine
Reversal with atipamezole

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29
Q

Analgesia for poultry?

A 
Buprenorphine
Carprofen
Ketoprofen
Meloxicam
IM
Then orally to weight
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30
Q

Euthanasia of poultry?

A 
Pentobarbitone
- IV - wing, jugular
- IM breast muscle after masking down 
- Intracardiac, long needle via thoracic inlet
- Occipital sinu
Neck dislocation if <3kg
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31
Q

Where to take blood from waterfowl?

A

Medial metatarsal vein

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32
Q

What is Angel wing in ducks?

A

Excessive protein intake during rearing can cause uratesto to be deposited in soft joints - carpal area seems last to ossify
The primary feathers are the last to be produced
At peak primary feather growth, the carpal joint deforms with the weight of the blood quills
Makes the primaries point outwards

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33
Q

What causes rickets? Clinical signs? Influenced by? Solution?

A

Cause = Calcium, phosphorous or vitamin D deficiency
Rubbery bones
Bird unable to support itself, increased skeletal deformities
Waterfowl mostly present with lameness, slow growth and twisted bones
Influenced by mycotoxins, malabsorption of Ca, P, vat D?
Solution: check diet formulation/management and supplement vitamin D

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34
Q

What type of viruses cause Duck viral enteritis and Duck viral hepatitis?

A

Duck viral enteritis - herpesvirus

Duck viral hepatitis - picornavirus

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35
Q

What type of viruses cause Goose viral hepatitis (Derzy’s disease) and haemorrhage nephritis and enteritis of geese?

A

Goose viral hepatitis (Derzy’s disease) - parvovirus

Haemorrhage nephritis and enteritis - polyomavirus

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36
Q

What type of virus is Avian Influenza?

A

Orthomyxovirus

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37
Q

What Pasteurellosis species affect waterfowl?

A

P multocida

P anatipestifer

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38
Q

Most are common signs of disease in waterfowl?

A

Lameness
Lethargy
Weight loss
Sudden death

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39
Q

Causes of lameness of waterfowl?

A 
Soft tissue injury
Foreign body
Joint infection
Osteoarthritis
Fractures
Mycoplasma tenosynovitis
Renal/gonadal neoplasia
Renal coccidiosis
Heavy metal toxicity
Bumblefoot
Avian TB
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40
Q

How to treat waterfowl fractures?

A 
First treat the shock
Rigid stabilisation of fracture site
Rotational alignment
IM pin and ESF - to ensure rigidity, resist all shearing/torsion/bending forces
Restoration of bone length
Clean swimming water for rehab
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41
Q

Causes of waterfowl penile prolapse?

A

Venereal disease
Trauma
Significant cold weather
Excessive sexual stimulation

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42
Q

What is pinioning?

A

Feather clipping
Allowed in ducklings and goslings up to 7d old
Normally not done except for Call duck
Annual feather clipping of primaries often sufficient and acceptable
Surgical pinioning for adults if any trauma

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43
Q

Gamebird young chick problems (2-14do)?

A 
Yolk sac infection 
Septicaemia
Starve out
Aspergillosis
Rotavirus
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44
Q

What agents cause Spironucleosis and Trichomoniasis in game birds? What age do they affect? Clinical signs? Risk factors? Diagnosis?

A 
Spironucleus melaegridis (1-12wo)
Trichomonas gallinae (6-16wo)
Clinical signs:
- watery diarrhoea (often yellow and frothy)
- dehydration
- weight loss
- depression
- lethargy
- death
Risk factors:
- wet and moist environment
- overcrowding
- stress
Diagnosis:
- necropsy fresh SI smear 
- differentiate the protozoa under microscope
- duodenum and ileum: mostly spironucleus
- caecum: trichomonas
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45
Q

What causes young game birds to get yolk sac infections?

A

Infection in eggs - navel infection

Environmental Infection/spread - bacteria grows well in yolk sac

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46
Q

What is starve out in game bird chicks? Clinical signs?

A 
Failure to find feed/water
High mortality
Lethargic chicks
Empty gizzard
Gizzard containing bedding material
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47
Q

Causes of starve out in young game bird chicks?

A 
Breeding flock unhealthy
Prolonged hatching period
Chill-effect after hatch
Temperature variation on arrival/house
Environment - ammonia, heat, carbon
Poor feed and water insufficient/distribution
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48
Q

Which game birds does Rotavirus affect? Mortality level? Age affected? Clinical signs? Treatment? Prevention?

A 
Pheasants and partridges
Up to 70% mortality
4-14do
Clinical signs:
- depression 
- dropped wings
- closed eyes
- huddling
- ruffled feathers
- death
Treatment: disinfectant in drinking water or spray
Prevention:
- frequent egg collection
- egg cleaning and disinfection
- cleaning and disinfection between flocks/pens/batches
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49
Q

What is the most pathogenic Coccidia species in young game bird poults? Where is it found? What age? Diagnosis? Treatment?

A 
Eimeria colchici
Found in caecum
15do-16wo
Likes warm and moist environment for oocysts to proliferate
Diagnosis:
- necropsy: gut smear
- faecal smear
Treatment - toltrazuril, amprolium
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50
Q

Main clinical sign of enteritis/dysbacteriosis in gamebird releasing poults? Diagnosis? Treatment?

A

Scour in growing poults leading to dehydration
Diagnosis - necropsy, inflammation of GIT
Treatment - antibiotics, improve hydration, acidification of water system, competitive exclusion products, electrolytes

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51
Q

Stress factors related to release of game birds poults?

A

Chill effect following release to new environment/outside
Transport stress - ventilation, withholding food/water
Unfamiliar environment
Searching for food and water
Exposure to predators

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52
Q

Respiratory diseases of game bird breeders?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Mycoplasma synoviae
Coronavirus infections

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53
Q

Which worms can build up in game bird breeds? Clinical signs of worm build up?

A

Syngamus trachea
Heterakis gallinarum
Capillaria
Ascarids

Clinical signs:

  • high mortality
  • poor food conversion and weight gain
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54
Q

Clinical signs of Mycoplasma in game bird breeders?

A

Swelling of infraorbital sinuses and eyes
Nose and eye discharges
Breathing difficulties
Weight loss
Decreased egg production and watchability/chick quality
Lameness

55
Q

Clinical signs of Pheasant Coronavirus in adults and young birds? Prevention and treatment?

A

Adults - sudden death, rates in kidney, drop in egg production/hatchability
Young birds - swollen kidneys, urates deposition of visceral organs

No specific treatment
Some use IBV vaccines
Biosecurity

56
Q

Clinical signs of Newcastle Disease in gamebirds?

A 
Dullness 
Depression
Diarrhoea
Neurological signs
Drop in egg production/quality
See 3rd year lectures
57
Q

Breeding of pigeons? When are eggs produced? Incubation period? Feeding? Leaving the nest?

A 
Pair for life
First egg 8-10 days post pairing
Another one after 2 days
Breed all year round
Incubation 17-19d
Chicks fed crop milk for 1-4d, then digested corn
Fledglings leave nest by 24 days
58
Q

Signs of unhealthy pigeons?

A 
Evidence of not eating/drinking
Not laying eggs/eggs failing to hatch
Little or no preening/loss of bloom/ruffled feathers
Little noise or different in noise
Hunched up/huddle together
Pale wattles
Sunken eyes
Abnormal/watery droppings
Failure to exercise
Tail bobbing
Dropping wings
59
Q

Life expectancy of a pigeon?

A

20-30 years

60
Q

Normal body temperature, HR and RR of a pigeon?

A

39.8-43.3C
HR: 180-250bpm
RR: 26brpm

61
Q

Common pigeon problems?

A 
Lice
Mites
Coccidia
Worms
Bacteria -parathyroid
Paramyxovirus
Pigeon pox
tumours
One eyed cold
62
Q

What louse can pigeons get? Clinical signs? Treatment?

A

Columbicola columbae = slender pigeon louse
See them on white feathered bird’s wings and body
Irritation, restlessness, damaged feathers
Often heavy infestation indicates underlying health issue
Treat with permethrin powders/sprays, ivermectin spot on

63
Q

Which mites can pigeons get?

A 
Depluming itch mite (Knemidocoptes gallinae)
Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)
Northern Fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylvia rum)
Scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutant)
64
Q

Clinical signs of Pigeon Paramyxovirus?

A 
Neuro signs
PUPD
Torticolis
Unable to feed or fly
Sudden death in chicks  and newly weaned
Feather abnormalities
Some recover but with chronic polyuria
65
Q

What causes Canker in pigeons? Spread? Clinical signs? Treatment?

A

Trichomonas - strain variation in virulence
Spread via crop milk, almost within hours of hatching
Mostly subclinical, excess mucus in oropharynx
Yellow necrotic lesions in mouth, leaves ulcerated surface when dislodge
Treatment:
- carmidazole
- rondidazole
- dimetridazole

66
Q

Clinical signs of coccidia infection in pigeons?

A 
Fluffed up
Weak
Emaciated
Drinking a lot
Green diarrhoea
67
Q

Which worms can pigeons get? What do they cause/clinical signs?

A

Ascaris - little pathology but may cause intestinal obstruction
Capillaria obsignata - subclinical-clinical depending on age at infection
Listless, weak, regurgitation, inappetence, diarrhoea, emaciation, mortality, catarrhal enteritis

68
Q

Which non infectious causes of high mortality of chicken and turkey chicks are there?

A

Temperature/humidity/ventilation
Water/feeder problems
Arrived weak and poorly - hatchery issues, transportation, parent bird nutrition
Nutritional deficiencies - rickets, encephalomalacia

69
Q

Infectious causes of high mortality of chicken chicks?

A

Navel/yolk sac infection - Salmonella, E.coli
Aspergillosis
Vaccine reactions
Avian encephalomyelitis

70
Q

What immunosuppressive diseases affect chicken growers/finishers and pullets?

A 
IBDV
CAV
Marek's disease
Reoviruses
Mycotoxicosis - non infectious
71
Q

What respiratory diseases affect chicken growers/finishers and pullets and layers?

A 
Mycoplasma
IBV
aMPV
ILT
NDV
AIV
E.coli (not layers)
P multocida
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) (not layers)
Infectious Coryza
Parasites - worms, protozoa
(Brachyspira app - layers)
Environmental
72
Q

Clinical signs of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) infection of chicken growers/finishers and pullets? Main lesions? Diagnosis? Treatment? Prevention?

A 
Signs:
- coughing and sneezing
- reduced weight gain/poor FCR
- reduced egg production
Main lesions - air sacculitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia
Diagnosis:
- culture and PCR
Treatment;
- antibiotics (amoxicillin, chlortetracycline, macrolides)
Prevention:
- vaccine
- biosecurity and management improvements
73
Q

What gastroenteritis diseases affect chicken growers/finishers and pullets?

A 
Salmonella
E.coli (ETEC)
Clostridia
Campylobacter
Parasites - worms, protozoa
Crop mycosis
Environmental
74
Q

Clinical signs of Clostridium enteritis infection of chicken growers/finishers and pullets? Lesions? Diagnosis? Treatment and prevention?

A 
Signs:
- depression, ruffled feathers
- sudden death, increased mortality
- any age but acute form in young chickens
- subclinical: weight gain?, poor FCR
Lesions:
- necrosis of intestinal mucosa
- fibrinonecrotic enteritis forming a diphtheritic membrane
- mild form: focal necrosis of intestinal mucosa
Diagnosis:
- signs and lesions
- culture
- PCR
Treatment/prevention:
- antibiotics
- biosecurity and management improvements
75
Q

What nervous diseases affect chicken growers/finishers and pullets?

A 
Avian encephalomyelitis
Marek's disease
Botulism
Nutritional encephalomalacia
NDV
AIV
76
Q

What type of virus causes Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE)? Clinical signs? Diagnosis? Treatment and prevention?

A 
Picornavirus
Signs:
- tremors of head, neck and legs
- paralysis
- cataracts
- drop in egg production in laying birds
Diagnosis:
- histopathology and PCR
No treatment
Prevent with vaccination
77
Q

What non infectious causes of lameness are there of chicken growers/finishers and pullets?

A 
Tibial dyschondroplasia
Spondylolisthesis 
Rickets
Valgus-Varus deformities (long bone distortion)
Ionophore toxicity
78
Q

What infectious causes of lameness are there of chicken growers/finishers and pullets?

A 
Marek's disease
Botulism
Bumblefoot
Viral arthritis
Infectious synovitis
Staph or other septic arthritis
79
Q

What influences the development of Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD)?

A

Genetic selection
Feed: Calcium/phosphorous ratios
Acid:base balance in feed
Mycotoxins

80
Q

What infectious diseases (non respiratory) are there of chicken layers?

A

Marek’s disease
Avian encephalomyelitis
Parasites - Capillariasis, Heterakis, Ascaris, Tapeworm, mites
Peritonitis

81
Q

Main cause of peritonitis of chicken layers? Secondary to which infections? Influencing factors?

A 
E.coli
Secondary to:
- M synovial, P multocida, Erysipelas, ORT
- IBV, aMPV, NDV, AIV
Influencing factors:
- flock uniformity
- body weight
- physical and hormonal stresses
- source of bacteria (e.g. water and air)
82
Q

Prevention and treatment of peritonitis in chicken layers?

A

Sustain body weight and uniformity
Reduce stress factors
Minimise bacterial challenges
Control primary pathogens via vaccination
Vaccination against E.coli
Treatment - antibiotics, E.coli vaccination

83
Q

Which Brachyspira species affect chicken layers? Diagnosis, prevention and treatment?

A

B innocens - little or no disease
B pilosicoli - mild disease
B alvinipuli - mild disease
B intermedia - severe disease
Diagnosis - appearance of faeces, culture and PCR for confirmation
Prevention/treatment - organic acid programmes, macrolides

84
Q

Metabolic/mechanical causes of disease in chicken layers?

A 
Cage layer fatigue
Uterovaginal prolapse
Fatty liver haemorrhage syndrome
Fatty liver syndrome
Mycotoxicosis
Water deprivation
Light failures
Sudden noise
Sudden change in feed quality
Environmental?
85
Q

What causes egg drop syndrome of chicken layers? Clinical signs? Diagnosis? Treatment? Prevention?

A 
Adenovirus
Signs:
- 5-50% drop in egg production (3-4 weeks)
- shell quality may be affected (rough, thin or soft shell eggs, loss of pigment)
- no increase in mortality
Diagnosis:
- serology
- histopathology
- virus detection (PCR)
Supportive treatment
Vaccination
86
Q

At what age is a turkey a: chick, grower/finisher, pullet and layer?

A

Chick: <3 weeks
Grower/finisher: 3-12 weeks
Finisher or pullet > 12 weeks
Layer: > 30 weeks

87
Q

At what age is a chicken a: chick, grower/finisher, pullet and layer?

A

Chick: <2 weeks
Grower/finisher: 2-8/9 weeks
Pullet: 10-18 weeks (commercial layer), 10-25 weeks (breeders)
Layer: 18-72/90 weeks (commercial layers), 25-72/90 weeks (breeders)

88
Q

When are turkeys slaughtered?

A

12-15 weeks for meals (5.5kg)

18-21 weeks for males (17-19kg)

89
Q

Infectious causes of high mortality/poor growth of turkey chicks?

A 
Navel/yolk sac infection - Salmonella, S Arizonae, E.coli, Proteus
Candidiasis
Viral turkey hepatitis
Coccidiosis/cryptosporidiosis
Aspergillosis
Turkey Coryza (Bordetellosis)
Staphylococcosis
Avian encephalomyelitis
Arizonosis
Mycotic encephalitis
Mycotic keratoconjunctivitis
90
Q

Influencing factors for enteritis of turkeys, causing wet litter?

A

Breed - some more susceptible?
Environment - temperature, humidity, ventilation
Nutrition, chilling, starving
Pathogenic and non pathogenic coccidia, bacteria, viruses (turkey conovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, reovirus)

91
Q

Why can enteritis of turkeys cause wet litter? Treatment and prevention?

A 
Imbalances of small intestine leads to watery faeces
Treatment - antibiotics
Prevention:
- immuno-competent and healthier birds
- proper nutrition
- water quality/hygiene
- probiotics/competitive exclusion
- acidification of feed/water
92
Q

Which Eimeria species cause significant and less significant disease in turkeys? Where are the lesions?

A

Significant:
E melaegrimitis - lesion in upper SI
E adenoides - lesion in caecae and rectum

Less significant:
E gallopavonis and melaegridis - lesions in SI, rectum and caecae
E dispersa - lesions in SI

93
Q

Diagnosis, prevention an treatment of Coccidia in turkeys?

A

Difficult diagnosis as always found in turkeys
Significance based on lesions/oocyst count
Prevention/treatment:
Coccidiostats - e.g. monensin
Don’t use tiamulin with ionophores (toxicity problems)
Toltrazuril, sulphonamides
Treatment:
Antibiotics - e.g. amoxicillin

94
Q

Clinical signs of Turkey coronavirus? When affected? Diagnosis and prevention/treatment?

A 
Severe depression but little/no mortality
High morbidity
Watery scour, 9-11 weeks
Some dullness
Diagnosis - PCR
No specific treatment
Biosecurity top priority
95
Q

Impact of Astrovirus of turkeys? When affected? Diagnosis and prevention/treatment?

A

Age: 5-10 days old
Severe typhlitis resulting in high culling
Severe economic losses from running and culling
Diagnosis - PCR
No specific treatment
Biosecurity top priority

96
Q

Clinical signs of Rotavirus of turkeys? When affected? Diagnosis and prevention/treatment?

A 
Age: 2-3 weeks old
Main signs - enteritis, vent pecking
Diagnosis - EM, isolation, PCR
No specific treatment
Hyperimmune egg powder, maintain hydration
Biosecurity top priority
97
Q

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathae cause in turkeys? Infection source? Diagnosis, treatment and prevention?

A

Persistent high mortality
Organism stays viable in organic matters for long period
Nearby or past/present pigs/sheep farming
Diagnosis - signs, lesions, PCR
Treatment - antibiotics
Prevention - vaccine

98
Q

How does Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) affect turkeys?

A

Not much respiratory disease (unlike chickens)
Mild respiratory signs, 12-14 weeks
More of lameness due to joint infection, lasts 4+ weeks
Diagnosis - PCR, serology (difficult to grow)
Treat with antibiotics
Prevent with management/biosecurity

99
Q

What causes turkey coryza? Clinical signs? Diagnosis, treatment and prevention? Morbidity and mortality?

A 
Bordetella avium 
=Bordetellosis
URT infection and damage
URT disease signs
Leads to secondary infection
Recovery after 4-6 weeks for single infection, longer if complicated
Diagnosis - serology, culture, PCR
Treatment - antibiotics
Prevention - vaccine
Morbidity = 80-100%
Mortality = 0-40%
100
Q

What ages are affected by Duck viral hepatitis (DVH)? Do ducks become immune?

What are the 3 antigenic ally different viruses identified in Duck viral hepatitis (DVH)?

How is Duck viral hepatitis DVH spread?

Clinical signs of Duck viral hepatitis (DVH)?

What lesions are seen with Duck viral hepatitis?

Diagnosis and control of Duck viral hepatitis (DVH)?

A

Highly infectious in ducklings (2d-3wo) - high morbidity
Completely immune from 7+ weeks

Type 1: picornavirus (classical disease) = widespread and virulent
Type 2: astrovirus
Type 3: picornavirus (but no cross protection with type 1)

Type 1 and 3 resistant and viable for long periods in the environment (weeks to months)
Entry into birds by ingestion
Contaminated people, vehicles, equipment and other farm materials could spread the virus

Type 1: most widespread, peracute death within 1h
Dead birds in good condition
Opisthotonus
Mortality >90%, often 5-10% in endemic areas
Type 3: similar signs but mortality 30%

Liver: enlarged, petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhages
Fatty kidneys
Septicaemic carcasses

Diagnosis - blood/organ for virus isolation in eggs, no PCR or commercial serology
Control - vaccination of breeders and ducklings

101
Q

Which species of bird does Duck viral enteritis (DVE) affect? How is it spread?

Clinical signs of Duck viral enteritis (DVE)?

Lesions seen in Duck viral enteritis (DVE)?

Diagnosis and control of Duck viral enteritis (DVE)?

A

Ducks and geese
Breeding birds more susceptible
Presence of water essential
Oral and cloacal routes
Wild waterfowl can spread to domestic ducks
Latency reported - virus shed for many years

Ataxia
Eye discharge, pasty eyelids
Nasal discharge
Diarrhoea - water with blood, vent blood stained
Photophobia
Normally body condition good

Multiple haemorrhages in tissues
Free blood in body cavity
Petechial haemorrhages on visceral organs
Haemorrhage on oesophageal mucosa, other GIT
Necrotic foci on liver and oesophagus

History, clinical signs and lesions
Virus isolation confirms
PCR
No routine serology
Control - biosecurity, avoid contact with wild birds, vaccination
102
Q

Clinical signs of avian influenza in waterfowl?

A 
Small increase in mortality
Drop in egg production
Decreased food and water consumption
Subdued
Necropsy: aspergillosis, air sacculitis, salpingitis, egg peritonitis
103
Q

What main problem does Newcastle disease cause in ducks?

A

Ducks relatively resistant
Common problem - major drop in egg production
No clinical signs in younger birds

104
Q

What does E.coli mostly cause in ducks? Age affected? Diagnosis, treatment and prevention?

A

Egg peritonitis in laying birds
1-8 week old birds susceptible
Diagnosis - history, clinical signs, necropsy, lab support
Treatment - antibiotics
Prevention - hygiene and sanitation, management, vaccinate breeders

105
Q

What does Riemerella anatipestifer cause in waterfowl? Diagnosis and treatment?

A

Polyserositis, exudates and fibrin covering visceral organs
Lymphoid necrosis of the spleen white pulp
Diagnosis - culture
Treatment - antibiotics, autogenous vaccine

106
Q

Which Salmonella species affect waterfowl? Clinical signs? Spread? Diagnosis? Treatment/prevention?

A 
S indiana, S kedougou
Little clinical signs
Infrequent mortality 0-7d
Vertical and horizontal transmission
Diagnosis - clinical signs, lesions, bacteriology
Treatment/prevention:
- vaccines
- antibiotics
- competitive exclusion
- hygiene and sanitation
- biosecurity
107
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus in waterfowl - source of infection? Age affected? Clinical signs? Spread? Diagnosis? Treatment/prevention?

A

Contaminated environment - litter, feed
7d - adult
Gasping, weight loss, anorexia, death
Stress exacerbates susceptibility and disease
Vertical and horizontal transmission
Diagnosis - clinical signs, lesions, mycology, PCR
Treatment/prevention - fresh bedding, anti fungals in feed, hygiene and sanitation, biosecurity

108
Q

What are the notifiable diseases of poultry and pigeons?

A

Avian influenza
Newcastle disease
Pigeon paramyxovirus

109
Q

Similarities and differences between Avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus?

A

Both are: enveloped RNA viruses with surface spikes, helical nucleocapsid, ss RNA genome, antigenic drift, highly infectious of wide range of avian species, range from pathogenic to highly virulent, can cause resp, enteric and sometimes nervous signs or high mortality without specific signs
AIV - Orthomyxovirus, H, N spikes, antigenic shift, segmented genome (8 gene segments), codes for 10 proteins
NDV - paramyxovirus, H,N,F spikes

110
Q

What are the most important respiratory disease of poultry in the UK?

A 
Infectious bronchitis
Avian metapneumovirus
infectious laryngotracheitis
Mycoplasmosis
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
Aspergillosis
111
Q

Avian metapneumovirus: family and genus? Subtypes? Which birds affected? Signs? Spread? Control?

A 
Paramyxoviridae, pneumovirus
Subtypes A, B (C and D in France)
Affects turkeys and chickens (most important disease of turkeys in recent years)
Respiratory disease:
- coughing
- sneezing
- nasal and ocular discharge
- swollen sinus
- drop in egg production, poor shell quality, loss of pigment in shells 
- egg peritonitis
- milder in chickens: can be asymptomatic
- complicated by E.coli, Mg, ORT
Spread:
- horizontal bird-bird via mucus, aerosols, fomites on humans, wild birds?
- evidence of replication in oviduct epithelium
Pathogenesis:
- virus in droplets -> epithelium of turbinates, trachea -> via bloodstream to oviduct epithelium?
Control:
- biosecurity and hygiene
- reduce stocking densities
- single age sites: all in, all out
- improve ventilation
- avoid temperature fluctuations
- antibiotics for secondary infections
- good nutrition
- vaccination
- avoid immunosuppression
112
Q

What is swollen head syndrome? Aetiology?

A

Oedematous swelling of head, eyelids, incoordination
E.coli always isolated
Seems to follow aMPV

113
Q

Vaccination for aMPV: Types available?

A

Live: given early in life via spray or drinking water
Killed: injection before lay
Protects against drop in egg production/quality
Must ensure each bird receives full dose (individual drops better than spray or drinking water)
- reversion of vaccine virus and disease possible if incomplete vaccine take

114
Q

What are the economically important avian mycoplasmas?

A

M gallisepticum and synoviae: respiratory disease in intensive chickens and turkeys, synoviae also arthritis
M melaegridis: airsacculitis in turkeys

115
Q

Mycoplasma gallisepticum/synoviae: clinical signs? Pathogenesis? Control?

A 
Clinical signs:
- nasal discharge
- coughing
- sneezing
- tracheal rales
- swollen IOS
- watery eyes
- sinusitis and conjunctivitis (especially turkeys and game birds)
- poor weight gain
- downgrading at slaughter (airsacculitis)
- reduced egg production
- delayed onset of lay
- increased 'dead in shell', reduced hatchability, reduced survivability
- lameness
- swollen joints/synovitis
- sternal bursitis
Pathogenesis of Mg:
- intracellular
- capable of infecting and multiplying in RBCs
- ability to infect brain
- variable expression of surface epitopes
Control:
- treatment
- eradicate from primary breeding stock
- vaccination
116
Q

Gross lesions seen with Mycoplasma gallisepticum/synoviae?

A 
Nasal exudate
Air sacculitis
Sinus exudate
Salpingitis
Synovitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Fibrinous perihepatitis and pericarditis
Severe lung congestion
Tracheitis
117
Q

Overall costs of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections?

A 
Overt disease (respiratory, locomotory)
Poor weight gain
Reduced feed conversion efficiency
Reduced hatchability
Downgrading at slaughter
Loss of exports
Treatment
Laboratory tests
Control measures
118
Q

Infectious laryngotracheitis: Aetiology? Characteristics? Clinical signs? Which birds? Age affected? Spread? Control?

A

Aetiology: gallid herpesvirus-1
Intranuclear inclusions in trachea and chorioallantoic membrane, becomes latent
Characteristed by difficulty breathing, gasping and expectoration of blood and mucus
- acute: dyspnoea, gasping, head shaking, clots of blood and mucus coughed up (pathognomic), blood stained walls
- mild: conjunctivitis, lacrimation, nasal discharge, lowered egg production
Adult chickens mainly
Spread:
- horizontal via droplets from infected birds (slower spread than other resp diseases)
- reactivation of latent virus due to stress, onset of lay etc (live virus in trigeminal ganglia)
- no egg transmission
Control:
- no treatment
- live vaccination in areas of high risk, live, can become latent

119
Q

Lesions seen with ILT?

A 
Confined to respiratory tract
Acute:
- cheesy plugs in trachea and larynx
- bloody exudate
- infamed bronchi and air sacs
Mild:
- mild conjuncitivits
- excess tracheal mucus
Histology:
- intranuclear inclusion bodies in trachea in early stages
120
Q

Avian influenza: Types? Pathogenesis? Signs? Spread? Diagnosis?

A

A, B and C (only A of veterinary importance)
Only virulent avian influenza is notifiable
Subtypes definite by ‘spike’ glycoproteins: controls pathogenesis, diagnosis, immunity, control
No cross-immunity between subtypes = vaccination problem
H5 and H7 associated with high pathogenicity (HPAI)
Low pathogenicity (LPAI) H5 and H7 (e.g. H7N9) viruses are able to mutate to HPAI viruses
Pathogenesis:
- replication in wide range of tissues (resp and GI are initial sites)
- necrosis, congestion, haemorrhage
- incubation: hours - 3d in single host, up to 14d in flock
Signs:
- death without obvious signs
- respiratory distres, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, lacrimation, sneezing, coughing, dull
- lack of appetite
- diarrhoea
- drop in egg production
- neuro signs
Spread:
- rapid via aerosols, resp excretions
- faecal excretion
- waterfowl carriers
no egg transmission but surface contamination
- via people, equipment
- feathers
- contamination of water courses
Diagnosis: Samples sent to international reference lab, RT-PCR

121
Q

Which species are the main ‘mixing vessel’ for new influenza viruses?

A

Pigs

122
Q

What affects what clinical signs are seen with avian influenza?

A 
Agent:
- pathotype
- strain
- dose
- infection route
- co-infection
Host:
- species
- age
- sex
- immunity
- stress
Environment
123
Q

Lesions seen on Pm with avian influenza?

A 
Dehydration
Harmorrhage of skin and organs
Periorbital oedema
Cyanosis
Firm, pale mottling of pancreas
Hyperplasia and necrosis of spleen
Inflammation of sinuses
Tracheal oedema, congestion, haemorrhage, exudate
Oviduct inflammation
Swollen kidneys
Peritonitis
124
Q

How stable is avian influenza outside the host?

A

Not very stable outside host - killed by phenol, formalin, UV
2 weeks in dust but much longer in cold, moist conditions (surface water, lakes)

125
Q

Grouping of Newcastle disease virus?

A

Grouped based on virus virulence/tropism

Viscerotropic-velogenic:
- acute, lethal infection
- gut haemorrhage lesions
Neurotropic-velogenic:
- respiratory and neurologic disease
- no gut lesions
- high mortality
Mesogenic:
- respiratory and neurological signs
- low mortality
Lentogenic:
- mild infections of respiratory tract
Asymptomatic enteric:
- avirulent infection
- primary replication in the gut
126
Q

Newcastle disease: Clinical signs?

A 
General signs:
- loss of appetite
- abnormal thirst
- dehydration
- emaciation
- ruffled feathers
- huddling
- depressed
Neurotropic:
- tremors
- star gazing
- twisted neck
- convulsions
- incoordination
- paralysis of wings/legs
Pneumotropic:
- mild rales and snick
- sneezing and coughing
- nasal discharge
- laboured breathing
- open mouth breathing
- head shaking
- greenish-yellow diarrhoea
Viscerotropic:
- greenish-yellow diarrhoea
- haemorrhage of intestinal tract
127
Q

Newcastle disease virus: control?

A

Biosecurity to prevent entering farm

Increase flock resistance with good flock management and nutrition, avoid immunosuppression, vaccination

128
Q

Infectious bursa disease: Aetiology? Serotypes? Pathotypes? Pathogenesis? Control?

A

Avibirnavirus
Non enveloped dsRNA
2 serotypes:
- serotype 1: >6 antigenic subtypes, high mortality
- serotype 2
Pathotypes:
- mild strains: no clinical signs or mortality, may cause bursal lesions
- classical strains: mortality (<20%), cause bursal lesions, break through moderate MDA
- very virulent strains: severe mortality (>20%), bursal lesions, break through higher MDA levels compared to classical strains
- variant strains: break through higher levels of MDA than classical, causes infection and severe bursal lesions resulting in immunosuppression, mortality <5%
Spread:
- horizontal via faecal-oral
- no vertical transmission
Pathogenesis:
- infect and destroy immature B cells
- reduces number and function of plasma cells
- reduced antibody production
- reduced immune response to vaccinations and increased susceptibility to other agents
Control:
- biosecurity
- vaccination
- management

129
Q

Clinical signs of infectious bursa disease?

A

Acute:

  • sudden onset
  • depression, ruffled feathers, vent pecking
  • after 3 days of infection, mortality and morbidity peaks and slows down by 5-7 days later
  • mortality in layer-type tend to be higher than meat- type
  • dehydration
  • muscular haemorrhage
  • variable size and bursal lesion depending on disease progress

Very virulent strains:

  • much higher morbidity and mortality
  • more prominent haemorrhage on muscle, proventriculus and bursa
  • histological lesions of bursa: more generalised, severe and persist longer
  • others lymphoid organs are also affected, eg. thymus, caecal tonsil, spleen etc)
130
Q

What happens with subclinical infectious bursa disease?

A

Infection of chicks with MDA at young age (< two weeks) leads to infection and replication of virulent IBD in the bursa (but protected against IBD clinical signs)
No typical mortality pattern of clinical IBD
Increased incidence of secondary infection
Often decreased response to other vaccinations (eg. ND, IB, ILT and etc)
Increased carcass condemnation (indirectly)
Lesions:
- bursal atrophy
- lesions associated with other secondary pathogens e.g. E.coli, Mycoplasma

131
Q

Chicken anaemia virus? Type of virus? Transmission?

A

Gyrovirus
Transmission:
- vertical: when hens are still susceptible but stops following development of VN antibodies, also via semen of infected roosters
- horizontal: faecal/oral, respiratory, feather follicles epithelium
- CAV-maternal antibody negative chicks susceptible to infection and disease, 1-2 weeks-old
- CAV-maternal antibody positive chicks protected from
disease, probably against infection
Control:
- vaccination before egg production
- no treatment

132
Q

Pathogenesis of chicken anaemia virus? Clinical signs and lesions?

A

Infection -> viraemia

  • > themes, spleen (CD4, CD8) -> atrophy, immunosuppression
  • > bone marrow (haemocytoblasts) -> anaemia
Normally seen in CAV-maternal Ab negative chicks, infected < 7 days-old
Clinical signs at about 12-17 days old:
- anorexic
- weak and depressed
- pale
- low PCV
- anaemic on blood smears
- leukopenia/pancytopenia
- mortality variable
- increased susceptibility to secondary infection and poor response to common vaccinations

Lesions:

  • thymus: pale and atrophy
  • bursa of Fabricious: small
  • bone marrow: pale or yellow
  • haemorrhage: skin, muscle and organs
  • histopathology: depletion of lymphoid cells in lymphoid organs; bone marrow atrophic or hypoplastic
133
Q

Marek’s disease: Aetiology? Transmission? Manifestations? Control?

A

Mardivirus (oncogenic herpesvirus)
Characterised by nerve swellings and tumours
Transmission:
- mature virus excreted only be feather follicles -> inhaled
- high virus load in dander and dust
Manifestations:
1. Neurological: infiltration of CNS and nerves -> ‘Floppy broiler syndrome’: transient paralysis of legs or wings, and eye lesions (sciatic and brachial nerves affected)
2. Visceral: tumours in heart, ovary, testes, muscle, lungs
3. Cutaneous: tumours of feather follicles
4. Ocular: uni or bilateral eyes
Mortality up to 100%
Immunosuppressive
Control:
- live vaccination at 1do by injection

134
Q

Infectious bronchitis: Aetiology? What does it affect? Signs? Control?

A

Type 3 coronavirus
Chickens and game birds - affects growth, FCR, egg production/quality
Different serotypes/genotypes - rapid recombination/mutation = vaccine problem
Signs in broilers:
- resp disease
- reduced bodyweight
Signs in layers:
- resp disease
- egg drop, then recovers after 4-6 weeks
- poor egg quality
- egg peritonitis: yellowish flakes, broken egg yolk, infection, inflammation, obstruction
- nephritis of young birds
Control:
- vaccination
- biosecurity

Farm (14 decks)

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