Postural Control, Muscle Actions and Evaluations

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of the abdominal wall muscles?

A) Balance the head
B) Support vital organs and assist with respiration
C) Control arm movements
D) Maintain hand grip strength

Answer 1

B) Support vital organs and assist with respiration

Question 2

Which muscle is primarily responsible for trunk extension and lateral flexion?

A) Serratus anterior
B) Rectus abdominis
C) Quadratus lumborum
D) Trapezius

Answer 2

C) Quadratus lumborum

Question 3

What type of muscle contraction controls movement in the direction of gravity by slowing it down?

A) Concentric contraction
B) Isometric contraction
C) Eccentric contraction
D) Isokinetic contraction

Answer 3

C) Eccentric contraction

Question 4

Which type of contraction involves maintaining a static position, preventing movement?

A) Isometric
B) Concentric
C) Eccentric
D) Reciprocal

Answer 4

A) Isometric

Question 5

What is the focus of motor control in postural control?

A) Strengthening individual muscles
B) Coordinating the muscles to perform skilled movements
C) Increasing flexibility of the joints
D) Enhancing cardiovascular endurance

Answer 5

B) Coordinating the muscles to perform skilled movements

Question 6

Which type of posture shift is caused by voluntary movement leading to instability in the base of support?

A) Static postural shift
B) External perturbation
C) Internal perturbation
D) Dynamic posture shift

Answer 6

C) Internal perturbation

Question 7

What is an external perturbation?

A) A static movement in a stable environment
B) A shift caused by voluntary movement
C) A disturbance from an outside force, such as being pushed
D) A movement caused by emotional stress

Answer 7

C) A disturbance from an outside force, such as being pushed

Question 8

Which type of balance test evaluates a person’s ability to maintain balance while sitting without moving?

A) Dynamic sitting balance
B) Static sitting balance
C) Trunk control test
D) Postural alignment test

Answer 8

B) Static sitting balance

Question 9

What type of balance is assessed during movement tasks such as reaching or transferring?

A) Static sitting balance
B) Dynamic sitting balance
C) Trunk control test
D) Equilibrium test

Answer 9

B) Dynamic sitting balance

Question 10

Which standardized assessment focuses on evaluating the control of selective trunk movements?

A) Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS)
B) Trunk Control Test
C) Berg Balance Test
D) Fugl-Meyer Assessment

Answer 10

A) Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS)

Question 11

What does impaired trunk control most commonly affect?

A) Cognitive function
B) Visual-motor coordination
C) Functional independence in ADLs
D) Fine motor skills

Answer 11

C) Functional independence in ADLs

Question 12

Which muscle action is most relevant for maintaining trunk control while sitting?

A) Reciprocal inhibition
B) Trunk flexion and extension
C) Elbow flexion
D) Knee extension

Answer 12

B) Trunk flexion and extension

Question 13

What movement pattern is involved in lower extremity dressing when bending forward to reach your feet?

A) Trunk lateral flexion
B) Trunk extension
C) Trunk flexion
D) Trunk rotation

Answer 13

C) Trunk flexion

Question 14

Which trunk movement is required when using a cross-leg method during lower extremity dressing?

A) Trunk rotation
B) Lateral flexion
C) Extension
D) Eccentric contraction

Answer 14

B) Lateral flexion

Question 15

What is a common observation of posture in a client with a posterior pelvic tilt?

A) Forward-leaning trunk
B) Increased lumbar lordosis
C) Flattened lumbar curve and backward-leaning trunk
D) Trunk rotation to one side

Answer 15

C) Flattened lumbar curve and backward-leaning trunk

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of an internal perturbation in sitting balance?

A) Reaching to pick up an object
B) Sitting still while someone pushes you
C) Sitting on a therapy ball
D) Changing posture due to wind

Answer 16

A) Reaching to pick up an object

Question 17

What movement pattern is required when aligning back to a sitting position after leaning forward?

A) Trunk flexion
B) Trunk extension
C) Trunk rotation
D) Lateral flexion

Answer 17

B) Trunk extension

Question 18

Which assessment is used to measure static and dynamic sitting balance in acute care settings?

A) Trunk Control Test
B) Trunk Impairment Scale
C) Berg Balance Test
D) Functional Reach Test

Answer 18

A) Trunk Control Test

Question 19

In motor control, what is reciprocal innervation?

A) The contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles simultaneously
B) The ability of the nervous system to activate muscles on one side of the joint and inhibit the muscles on the opposite side
C) An involuntary movement pattern
D) A repetitive movement pattern used for motor learning

Answer 19

B) The ability of the nervous system to activate muscles on one side of the joint and inhibit the muscles on the opposite side

Question 20

Which term describes controlling posture during movement when the base of support is not changed?

A) Static balance
B) Dynamic balance
C) Postural control
D) Internal perturbation

Answer 20

C) Postural control

Question 21

What trunk movement is required for turning to reach to the side during a functional task?

A) Trunk flexion
B) Trunk rotation
C) Trunk extension
D) Lateral flexion

Answer 21

B) Trunk rotation

Question 22

Which trunk muscles are primarily responsible for balancing the vertebral column during movement?

A) Abdominal wall muscles
B) Posterior trunk muscles
C) Diaphragm
D) External rotators

Answer 22

B) Posterior trunk muscles

Question 23

Which condition can lead to decreased functional independence due to impaired trunk control?

A) Carpal tunnel syndrome
B) Stroke
C) Arthritis
D) Tennis elbow

Answer 23

B) Stroke

Question 24

Which type of feedback is critical during postural control evaluations?

A) Visual feedback
B) Auditory feedback
C) Proprioceptive feedback
D) Social feedback

Answer 24

C) Proprioceptive feedback

Question 25

Which trunk movement pattern is often impaired in patients with neurological conditions like stroke? A) Trunk extension B) Trunk flexion C) Trunk rotation D) All of the above

Answer 25

D) All of the above

Question 26

What evaluation technique is used to observe postural alignment in sitting? A) Muscle testing B) Observation C) Gait analysis D) Upper extremity assessment

Answer 26

B) Observation

Question 27

What is the importance of evaluating trunk control in ADLs? A) It helps identify functional impairments that limit independence B) It is not related to independence in ADLs C) It only assesses upper body strength D) It helps in evaluating fine motor skills

Answer 27

A) It helps identify functional impairments that limit independence

Question 28

What movement pattern is required to reach across the body during lower extremity dressing? A) Trunk flexion and rotation B) Trunk extension C) Trunk lateral flexion D) Trunk dissociation

Answer 28

A) Trunk flexion and rotation

Question 29

What does the Trunk Impairment Scale evaluate? A) Gait B) Upper extremity function C) Static and dynamic trunk control D) Cardiovascular endurance

Answer 29

C) Static and dynamic trunk control

Question 30

What is the focus of treatment for patients with impaired trunk control? A) Improving upper extremity strength B) Enhancing trunk stability and postural control during functional tasks C) Increasing cardiovascular endurance D) Strengthening fine motor skills

Answer 30

B) Enhancing trunk stability and postural control during functional tasks

Question 31

What is the difference between voluntary and automatic movements in motor control? A) Voluntary movements are reflexive, while automatic movements are conscious B) Voluntary movements require conscious control, while automatic movements happen without conscious thought C) Automatic movements are more complex than voluntary movements D) Voluntary movements occur in response to external stimuli, while automatic movements are triggered internally

Answer 31

B) Voluntary movements require conscious control, while automatic movements happen without conscious thought

Question 32

What does "dissociation" refer to in the context of motor control? A) The ability to separate movements of different body parts B) The inability to move one side of the body C) The integration of both sides of the body for symmetrical movement D) Loss of balance during dynamic movements

Answer 32

A) The ability to separate movements of different body parts

Question 33

Why is it important to undress clients when evaluating postural control? A) To observe any skin conditions B) To evaluate muscle tone and postural shifts more accurately C) To assess flexibility in the trunk D) To check for muscle imbalances

Answer 33

B) To evaluate muscle tone and postural shifts more accurately

Question 34

What functional postures are typically evaluated when assessing trunk control? A) Supine, sitting, standing B) Supine, prone, standing C) Sitting, standing, walking D) Sitting, standing, running

Answer 34

A) Supine, sitting, standing

Question 35

What happens during internal perturbation in postural control evaluations? A) An external force causes the patient to lose balance B) The patient initiates movement and experiences instability due to voluntary motion C) The environment moves, causing the patient to adjust posture D) A therapist pushes the patient to assess balance reactions

Answer 35

B) The patient initiates movement and experiences instability due to voluntary motion

Question 36

What is the focus of the Trunk Control Test? A) Upper extremity strength during sitting B) Static and dynamic trunk balance in sitting C) Dynamic standing balance D) Reflexive movements during sitting

Answer 36

B) Static and dynamic trunk balance in sitting

Question 37

Which evaluation method focuses on the quality of selective movement patterns in the trunk? A) Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) B) Functional Reach Test C) Static Balance Test D) Dynamic Sitting Balance Test

Answer 37

A) Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS)

Question 38

What is the difference between internal and external perturbations in postural control? A) Internal perturbations are caused by external forces, and external perturbations are self-initiated B) Internal perturbations are caused by voluntary movements, and external perturbations come from environmental changes C) Internal perturbations occur during unconscious movements, and external perturbations are controlled consciously D) Internal perturbations involve balance issues, while external perturbations involve strength issues

Answer 38

B) Internal perturbations are caused by voluntary movements, and external perturbations come from environmental changes

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of an external perturbation? A) Reaching for an object while sitting B) Standing still while the floor moves beneath you C) Leaning forward to tie your shoe D) Sitting quietly and reading a book

Answer 39

B) Standing still while the floor moves beneath you

Question 40

What is a key evaluation method for assessing trunk control during external perturbations? A) Observing postural adjustments during voluntary movement B) Testing reactions to environmental changes, such as sitting on a therapy ball or being pushed C) Checking muscle tone in a resting position D) Assessing hand-eye coordination

Answer 40

B) Testing reactions to environmental changes, such as sitting on a therapy ball or being pushed