Postural Control Flashcards
Periods of life-span development
Prenatal = Conception to Birth
Neonatal = Birth to 1 month old
Infancy = 1 month old to 1 years old (Toddler 1-2, 3,4 years old?)
Early Childhood = 2 to 6 years old
Late Childhood = 6 to 12 years old
Adolescence = 12 to 18 years old
Young Adulthood = 18 to 40 y.o.
Middle Age = 40 to 60 y.o.
Older Adulthood = 60 y.o. and older
Prenatal
- development is genetically pre-determined: genetic transmission through cellular and structural variations
- Embryonic period: up to 8 weeks
- Fetal period: 8 weeks to birth
Infancy
- Rudimentary Phase
- movement is usually determined by maturation and it is predictable: rolling over, pulling up to sit, crawling, pulling to stand, walking
- motor control develops in a cephalocaudal and proximodistal order
Childhood (Early)
- EARLY: 2-6yo
- Significant stage in the development of fundamental motor skills –fundamental movement phase (increase in locomotor and non-locomotor skills)
- Development of perceptual-movement awareness (body awareness and balance)
- Development of manipulative skills-kicking and throwing a ball
- Development of the ability to care for oneself
- Preparation for school
Childhood (LATE)
- LATE: 6-12 yo
- Significant time for the refinement of fundamental motor skills and movement awareness
- Sport skill phase:
- increase in interest and
- ability to learn sport movements
- Period of concrete thinking
Adolescence
- Growth and Refinement Phase-Most significant motor behavior change is during puberty
- Physical changes of puberty
- Accelerated growth
- Appearance of secondary sex characteristics
- Ability to reproduce
- Deepening of voice
- Logical and abstract thought
- Development of identity
- Concern with independence
Developmental Continuum Graph
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Stages
- Prenatal—conception to birth
- Infancy—birth to (2)? years
- Childhood—2 to 12 years
- Adolescence—12 to 18 years
- Adulthood—18 years and older
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Phases
- Reflexive/spontaneous movement
- Rudimentary
- Fundamental movement
- Sport skill
- Growth and refinement
- Peak performance
- Regression
Postural Control
Cooperative interaction of sensory, musculoskeletal, and motor control systems for postural orientation and stability
Development of Postural Control- Vision
Vision-most powerful sensory system functioning to regulate posture for feedback correction and for selection of anticipatory postural strategies
Development of Postural Control- Somatosensory
Somatosensory-proprioception, kinesthesia-postural control related to body positioning and righting
Development of Postural Control- Vestibular
Vestibular-regulate head control and reference gravitational forces to prevent slow drift of trunk
Head Righting
- Orienting the head to horizontal as the torso moves through a multitude of positions
- Basically moving the head to keep eyes on the horizon
- The control of head position is vital to gaze stability and orientation to the environment
Protective Reaction
- If Equilibrium reaction fails or if the child perceives it that way.
Equilibrium Reaction
- When the center of mass shifts outside the base of support. The torso elongates on the weight bearing side and laterally flexes on the non weight bearing side The upper and lower extremity usually abduct on the non weight bearing side
- Elicited as a response to an external response or in preparation of a movement.
Postural Control Sequence
- Requires dynamic interaction between neural and musculoskeletal systems
- Cephalocaudal direction
- 2 months: prone-head and chin up
- 3 months: prone-head and chest up/prop on forearms
- 4 months: good head control,start to reach and roll
- 6 months: sit alone
- 9 months: crawl on all fours
- 10 months: pull to stand
- 12 months: stand alone and take steps
***Independent Walking single most important milestone in motor development
