Postural assessment Flashcards
a placement of each part of the body in the most appropriate position or a position in which hold their bodies
posture
why is posture important
it provides stability during muscular activities
forms the basis of movement
a posture achieved when in relaxation form such as sleeping or resting
inactive posture
a posture where muscular activities needed it can be in static or dynamic state
active posture
different btn static and dynamic posture
static is when body is aligned and maintained in certain position while dynamic is when in mvmnt
maintaining the stability of the body as a whole and body segments ‘against gravity’ or mvmnt of other body segments
postural control
an efferent answer to afferent impulse
reflex
afferent pathway
from eyes,the vestibular apparatus and proprioceptive
they are formed by neural network in brainstem and spinal cord
integrating centers
efferent pathway
alpha motor neurons supply various skeletal muscles
mechanoreceptors
muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ
what does vestibular apparatus consist of
semicircular canals [ horizontal, superior and posterior canal] and otoliths
osseous ampulla
found at the end of each canal consist of crista ampulla [hairy] for rotational movement
what does utricle and saccule do
they provide info about acceleration in which utricle for horizontal and saccule for vertical
a visual sensation which is a righting sensation that enables head and body to restore erection
eye
a reflex that corrects orientation of the body and it is initiated by vestibular system
labyrinthine righting reflex
a reflex acting to stabilize gaze during head movement with eye mvmnt due activation of vestibular system
VOR
vestibular ocular reflex
what makes a body in upright position
muscle contractions
which muscles are mostly involved in muscle contractions
antigravity muscles
extensors
multipennate eg deltoid
slow twitch
aerobic type
when is a posture considered a good posture
when is maximum efficiency with minimum effort
vertical line drawn through the body center of gravity usually 1 to 2 cm anterior to S2
gravity line
body types
ectomorph = skinny, very low-fat mass and taller
mesomorph= normal type
endomorph= fat in excess, hard to drop weight
postural assessments methods
visual observation
plumbline= determine gravity line in standing position
goniometry
photographic and digitization
radiographic
photogrammetric
what is the purpose of plumbline
used to determine where gravity line passes in standing position
gravity reference points
head = ear lobe
shoulder =acromion
trunk= midline
hip = greater trochanter
knee = anterior to midline and posterior to patella
ankle = 3 to 3.5 anterior / lateral malleoli
postural examination points
lateral
posterior
anterior
pes planus
flat foot
low arch foot
excessive pronation
pes cavus
high arch of foot
doesn’t flatten with weightbearing
Feis line
a line drawn for measuring pes cavus and pes planus
genu recurvatum
hyperextended
gravitational stress line lies far forward of axis joint
why does genu recurvatum occurs
due to; tightness of quadriceps
stretched popliteus and hamstring
anterior compression
shape of tibial plateu
flexed knee
plumbline falls posterior to axis line
what causes flexed knee
tight hamstring at the knee
stretched quads
tight gastrocnemius
posterior compression force
soft tissue limitations
anterior pelvic tilt
ASIS lies anterior to pubic symphysis
what causes anterior pelvic tilt
increased pelvic inclination
tight erector spinae
loose iliopsoas
loose sartorius
posterior pelvic tilt
decrease in pelvic inclination
pubis symphysis lies anterior to ASIS
Columna vertebralis
kyphosis
lordosis
swayback
flat back
kypholordosis
lateral postural analysis
foot = pes cavus and planus
knee = flexed knee and genu recurvatum
pelvis= apt and ppt
columna vertebralis
shoulder = forward shoulder
head = flattened cervical curve and excessive cervical curve and forward head
anterior postural analysis
toes = hallux valgus
= claw toes and hammer toes
knees = external and internal tibial torso
= genu varum and valgum
hips = asis level and length measurements
chest= Harrison groove
= pectus exacavatum and cavinatum
= barrel chest
shoulder= dropped or elevated
= clavicle and joint asymmetry
elbow= cubitus valgus and varus
head and neck = lateral tilt
= rotation and mandibular asymmetry
lateral deviation of 1st digit of foot
hallux valgus
hyperextension of metatarsophalangeal and flexion of proximal interphalangeal associated with pes cavus
claw toes
hyperextension of metarsophalangeal and distal interphalangeal and flexion of interphalangeal
hammer toes
pectus excavatum
aka funnel chest
caved in appearance
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine greater than 10 degrees
what does natural curve position act as
act as shock absorber to distribute mechanical stress during movement
classification of scoliosis
structural
functional
location
shape
size of the curve
types of structural scoliosis
idiopathic
congenital
neuromuscular
classification of scoliosis according to shape
c and s
scoliosis according to size
mild; cobb angle less than or = to 25
moderate; cobb angle btn 25 and 40
severe
what are the factors affecting severity of the curve
Gender
severity
curve pattern
location [thoracic are worse]
maturity
