Postmodernism

Question 1

What was punishment like in pre-modern society? Foucault

Answer 1

Physical,violent and public in nature aimed to teach a lesson

Question 2

What are punishments like in postmodern societies? Foucault

Answer 2

Private and focused on psychologically torturing individuals

E.g prisons locking people away in isolation

Question 3

What is the panopticon prison? Foucault

Answer 3

Expands on Benthams ideas of a prison with a watch tower at its centre creates sense of constant surveillance

Can be used as an allegory for society idea of being watched forced people to conform

Question 4

How are we surveilled in the contemporary era?

Answer 4

-cctv,facial recognition,online tracking

Question 5

What are some evaluations of Foucault?

Answer 5

+-panopticism has been tested in New Delhi widespread use of cctv in uk

X- contradictory suggests deviance is both inescapable and resistible

Question 6

What is the Risk Society? Beck

Answer 6

Contemporary society is characterised by the proliferation of new risks
E.g increased job insecurity

Question 7

What is the media’s role in amplifying risks?

Answer 7

-highlights people’s fears and makes them conscious of risks to their way of life

-e.g media portrayal of immigrants as job competitors can lead to hate crimes

-media generates interest by reporting on these crimes

Question 8

What is the impact of media’s portrayal

Answer 8

-contributes to social tension and animosity,leading to hate crimes

-media outlets sensationalise stories to drive sales

Question 9

What did Winlow research?

Answer 9

Examines the transformation of masculinity among WC men in northeast England

-caused by social economic changes

Question 10

What factors contributed to economic change? Winlow

Answer 10

Deindustrialisation:decline in mining

Leisure-industry

Globalisation

Entrepreneurship

Question 11

How have men’s expressions of masculinity changed? Winlow

Answer 11

-in the past masculinity was expressed through physical labour

-as industrial jobs declined men had to find new ways to express masculinity

-in a post-modern era men take up roles like bouncers to express masculinity

Question 12

What’s the link between bouncers and crime? Winlow

Answer 12

Bouncers can make money through drug dealing,protection rackets and illegals imports

Question 13

Evaluation of Winlow’s theory?

Answer 13

X-focuses on violent and professional crime,neglects petty crime and non-utilitarian

X-argument that the link between criminality and postmodernity is weak

Question 14

What is Henry and Milovanovic’s argument?

Answer 14

-the traditional notion of crime should be reassessed
-suggest current definitions of crime are formed by a narrow sector of society-seen as irrelevant to many people

Question 15

How should crime be redefined? Henry and Milovanovic?

Answer 15

-crime should not rely solely on legal definitions but the extent of the harm it’s caused

Question 16

What are the two forms of harm? Henry and Milovanovic

Answer 16

1.harms of reduction:using power to cause victim loss or injury

2.Harms of repression:using power to restrict future human development

Question 17

Evaluations of Henry and Milovanovic?

Answer 17

X-challenging to determine the specific boundaries of what is covered as a crime

X-term ‘power’ can be applied widely

X-by criminalising everything that causes harm society may not be able to manage appropriate responses and punishments

Question 18

What is Edgework? Katz and Lyng

Answer 18

-idea that engaging in deviant behaviour can provide individuals opportunities to live life on the edge

Question 19

What influence of globalisation and media? Katz and lyng

Answer 19

-globalisation and global media have glorified crime and deviance e.g wolf or Wall Street

Question 20

What is the role or a lack of deterrence?

Answer 20

-most young offenders don’t assess the likelihood of being arrested

-increase in social control methods as these challenges are perceived as thrilling

Question 21

What’s an evaluation of Katz and Lyng?

Answer 21

-argument is highly theoretical
-accounts for media influence on crime
-biological arguments for crime
X-May oversimplify the motivations behind criminal behaviour not all individuals engage in deviance for the thrill