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Sociology Crime and deviance > Interactionism > Flashcards

Interactionism Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is labelling theory?

A

Labelling theorists argue that no act is inherently criminal or deviant,it becomes so when labelled as such

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2
Q

What is Howard Becker’s theory on deviance?

A

A deviant is someone who the label of deviance has been successfully applied to

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3
Q

What are moral entrepreneurs? (Becker)

A

Individuals who lead a moral crusade to change the law

Creates a group of outsiders,expands social control agencies to enforce laws

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4
Q

What are some evaluations for Becker’s theory?

A

+-recognises the role of power in creating deviance

X-fails to analyse the source of power,it’s connection to capitalism

X-too theoretical about deviance ignores the harm caused to victims

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5
Q

How do power and deviance coincide?(Becker)

A

It’s not inherent harmfulness that leads to new laws but efforts of powerful people to redefine behaviour as unacceptable

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6
Q

What is a Marxist critique of Becker?

A

Doesn’t explore the links between labelling and capitalism

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7
Q

What’s a realist critique of interactionism

A

Sociologists should focus more on preventing crimes

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8
Q

What are the factors in arrest and conviction? (Cicourel)

A

Convictions depend on interactions with social control agencies,appearance,background,and circumstance of the offence

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9
Q

What were cicourel’s findings?

A

Officers decisions to arrest are influenced by their stereotypes about offenders

-leads to a class bias in law enforcement

-officers concentrate on ‘typical delinquents’ results in more arrests,confirming stereotypes

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10
Q

How are bias’ reinforced? (Cicourel)

A

Agents of social control I.e probation officers,reinforce bias

-see delinquency as linked to factors e.g broken homes,poverty,and lax parenting

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11
Q

Why does Cicourel believe that Justice is Negotiable?

A

-middle class youths are less likely to be charged due to background/parents ability to negotiate

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12
Q

What is Cicourels view on official statistics

A

Official crime statistics don’t provide a valid picture of crime patterns
-reflect control agencies more than criminal behaviours

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13
Q

How did Cicourel conduct research?

A

-Used participant and non-participant observation

-observed police patrols and court proceedings

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14
Q

What are evaluations of Cicourel’s work?

A

+-explains how crime statistics are collected and it’s limits

X-May give offenders a form of victim status overlooks the real victims

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15
Q

How are Ethnic Minority communities policed? (Phillips&bowling?

A

-since 1970s there’s been allegations of oppressive policing
-in minority ethnic areas
-e.g mass stop and search,surveillance,police violence

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16
Q

What are the problems with stop and search? (Phillips&Bowling

A

-racial despair tied EM more likely to be stopped ‘Reasonable suspicion’

-perceived over policing

17
Q

How do stereotypes affect prosecution of EM communities? Phillips and Bowling

A

-CPS is more likely to drop cases against EMs due to weaker evidence/stereotypes

18
Q

What are the effects of pre-sentencing reports? Phillips and Bowling

A

-labelling by probation officers:Hudson and bramwell found Asian offenders labelled as less remorseful than white offenders

-context bias e.g Muslims after 9-11

19
Q

What are some evaluations for Phillip and Bowling?

A

-Evidence of institutional racism

-canteen culture of racist sexist homophobic attitudes

-Macpherson report

20
Q

What is primary deviance? Lemert

A

-deviant acts that haven’t been public ally labelled or recognised

-trivial and uncaught,individuals that engage don’t see themselves as deviant

21
Q

What is secondary deviance? Lemert?

A

-the result of societal reactions,labelling,to deviant behaviour

22
Q

What are the effects of labelling? Lemert

A

-being publicly labelled can lead to stigmatisation,shame,social exclusion

-identity crisis

23
Q

What is a self fulfilling prophecy?Lemert

A

-occurs when an individual conforms to and fulfils expectations of their label

24
Q

What is the role of deviant subcultures? Lemert

A

-response to labelling and exclusion,individuals may seek support from deviant subcultures
-May offer deviant careers,role models

25
Q

What are Lemerts key idea?

A

Not the deviant act but rather hostile societal reaction that creates serious deviance

-social control process may lead to deviance ironically

26
Q

What are some evaluations of Lemert?

A

X-too deterministic implies that once someone is labelled deviance is inevitable

+-some labelling theorists recognise not all deviance is inevitable after labelling

X-assumes people are unaware of their deviance until labelled

27
Q

What is deviance amplification? Young

A

Negative reactions and responses from others outside a labelled group lead individuals to become more deviant

28
Q

What did Jock Young study?

A

How the hippie subculture became labelled as deviant

-marijuana use,prosecution,retreating to closed groups

29
Q

What are some evaluations for young?

A

-deterministic assumes deviance is inevitable after labelling

-overlooks possibility of deviance being a choice,postmodern criticism

30
Q

How can labelling lead to a deviant career?De Haan

A

-negative labels can push offenders towards deviant careers,links to Lemert

-to reduce deviance,less rules should be created an enforced

31
Q

What is the impact of increased control and punishment? De Haan

A

Triplett-USA there’s an increasing tendency to see young offenders as evil,less tolerance

De Haan-stigma of young offenders in Holland

32
Q

What is De Haan’s solution?

A

Decriminalisation of minor offences e.g soft drugs

Individuals are able to maintain access to mainstream society reduces likelihood of criminal association

33
Q

What does De Haan mean by ‘label the act not the actor’

A

Instead of publicly calling out offenders focus on just labelling the act

-idea of reintegrative shaming allows individuals to separate their actions from identity

34
Q

What are some evaluations for De Haan?

A

+-offer practical ways to control crime

X-right realists critique soft approach claim it may normalise offending

Sociology Crime and deviance (7 decks)

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