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OB/GYN Scanning > Postmenopausal & Pediatric Pelvis > Flashcards

Postmenopausal & Pediatric Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Why scan a postmenopausal pelvis?

A
  1. abnormal bleeding
  2. palpable pelvic mass
  3. screen for cancer
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2
Q

Menses generally ceases between…

A

45-55 yrs old.

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3
Q

Postmenopausal bleeding may be due to normal…

A

atrophic endometrium.

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4
Q

The uterus becomes infantile with the most rapid decrease in the first…

A

5 yrs.

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5
Q

This is the most common gynecologic malignant disease after the age of 50.

A

endometrial cancer

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6
Q

The normal p.m. endometrium is…

A

atrophic, a thin echogenic line.

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7
Q

If the p.m. woman is not bleeding, the endometrial threshold is…

A

8 mm.

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8
Q

If the p.m. woman is bleeding, the endometrial threshold is…

A

4 mm.

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9
Q

If the p.m. woman is receiving HRT, the endometrial threshold may be up to…

A

8 mm.

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10
Q

HRT increases endometrial ___, endometrial ___, polyps and cancer.

A

thickness, hyperplasia

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11
Q

Why is HRT given?

A

To protect against fractures and alleviate menopause symptoms.

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12
Q

What kind of HRT is given to women with their uterus?

A

progesterone and estrogen

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13
Q

What kind of HRT is given to women who’ve had a hysterectomy?

A

just estrogen

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14
Q

Do not take HRT if:

A
  1. previous thromboembolic disease
  2. abnormal LFTs/liver disease
  3. breast cancer
  4. endometrial cancer
  5. fibroids
  6. endometriosis
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15
Q

In p.m. women who do not take estrogens, the endometrium is usually…

A

thin, atrophic, <4 mm

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16
Q

This drugs are used in adjunctive therapy in women who have breast cancer.

A

Tamoxifen and Megestrol Acetate

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17
Q

What side effect does Tamoxifen have?

A

thickened cystic endometrium, increased risk of endometrial carcinoma

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18
Q

Any bleeding more than ___ after the last mentstrual period is called ‘p.m. bleeding’.

A

six months

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19
Q

The two most common causes of pm bleeding are…

A
  1. exogenous estrogen administration

2. endometrial atrophy

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20
Q

In pm women an enlarged uterus is usually secondary to ___.

A

fibroids

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21
Q

Uterine enlargement is a late finding in ___.

A

endometrial cancer

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22
Q

___ is a late finding in endometrial cancer.

A

Uterine enlargement

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23
Q

Uterine calcifications are seen in women with ___ and in women with ___.

A

degenerated fibroids, arcuate artery calcification

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24
Q

These arteries run transversely in the myometrium.

A

uterine arcuate artery

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25
Q

These are visualized as either diffuse or focal thickening of the endometrium.

A

endometrial polyps

26
Q

This diagnosis is suggested when the endometrium is thickened with a heterogeneous echotexture and ill-defined margins between the endometrium and the myometrium.

A

endometrial cancer

27
Q

Demonstration of myometrial invasion is clear evidence of…

A

endometrial cancer.

28
Q

Patients with advanced endometrial cancer have ___ of the uterus, a ___ uterine contour, and mixed ___ of the myometrium.

A

enlargement, lobular, echogenicity

29
Q

Name four sonographic abnormalities of the p.m. uterus.

A
  1. enlargement
  2. calcifications
  3. polyps
  4. endometrial cancer
30
Q

Name two reasons to see calcifications in the uterus.

A
  1. degenerating fibroids

2. calcified arcuate arteries

31
Q

Name two defining aspects of an endometrial polyp.

A
  1. has a vascular stalk

2. is best seen with sonohysterography

32
Q

An ovary that is ___ should be regarded with suspicion.

A

twice the size of the contralateral ovary

33
Q

The incidence of ovarian cancer increases as…

A

the age of the patient increases.

34
Q

Bilateral solid adnexal masses are probably…

A
  1. fibromas
  2. ovarain cancer
  3. metastatic disease
35
Q

Hydrosalpinx and pyosalpinx occur ___ in p.m. women.

A

infrequently

36
Q

T/F? Hydrosalpinx is often painful and related to prior PID.

A

FALSE, asymptomatic

37
Q

TOA stands for…

A

tubo-ovarian abscess

38
Q

T/F? TOAs are most common in patients with recent D&C and malignant disease.

A

true

39
Q

A vaginal cuff is ___ in woman with recurrent disease.

A

enlarged

40
Q

Small amounts of ___ are occasionally seen in the cul-de-sac of asymptomatic pm women.

A

free fluid

41
Q

A large amount of ___ in the cul-de-sac in a pm woman is associated with various disease processes including malignant tumors.

A

free fluid

42
Q

In the newborn female, the cervix is ___ compared to the corpus.

A

twice as long

43
Q

T/F? In the newborn female, the endometrium is brightly echogenic.

A

true

44
Q

In the two month old female, the cervix is ___ compared to the corpus.

A

equal (2.5-3.5 cm)

45
Q

The pediatric uterus maintains infantile appearance until around age

A

5-6 yrs.

46
Q

T/F? Pediatric ovaries are not cystic.

A

FALSE, they’re usually less than 9 mm.

47
Q

At puberty, the uterus gradually increases in length to…

A

5-7 cm.

48
Q

At puberty, the cervix is ___ compared to the corpus.

A

three times smaller

49
Q

You might do an exam on a pediatric patient to rule out ovarians complications including…

A

suspected PCOS and ovarian neoplasms.

50
Q

You might do an exam on a pediatric patient to rule out uterine complications including…

A

uterine anomalies and ambiguous genitalia.

51
Q

This results from an early but normal pattern of gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary.

A

precocious puberty

52
Q

This results in the development of the secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 years old.

A

precocious puberty

53
Q

Precocious puberty happens before the age of…

A

8 yr old.

54
Q

Precocious puberty is caused by abnormal exposure to estrogen, most typically via

A

ovarian tumor, like a granulosa theca cell tumor.

55
Q

This is fluid in the uterus and vagina.

A

hydrometrocolpos

56
Q

This is blood in the uterus and vagina.

A

hematometrocolpos

57
Q

Lower abdominal mass in a newborn female? Might be…

A

hydrocolpos.

58
Q

Sonographically, hydrocolpos appears as a ___echoic distention of the vagina and endometrial cavity, with ___, internal ___, and possibly hydro___.

A

hypo-, posterior acoustic enhancement, echoes, -nephrosis

59
Q

This is a generic term for a collection of fluid, blood, or pus in the vaginal or uterine cavity.

A

hydrocolpos

60
Q

This is a thin membrane that completely covers the opening to a young girl’s vagina.

A

imperforate hymen

OB/GYN Scanning (14 decks)

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