Posterior Mediastinum

Question 1

what does the thoracic duct collect and from what regions?

Answer 1

lymph from the RLQ, LLQ, LUQ

does not get the RUQ

Question 2

what drains the RUQ

Answer 2

right thoracic duct

Question 3

where is the thoracic duct located anatomically?

Answer 3

it lies under the azygos and aorta in the posterior mediastinum

Question 4

where do the splanchnic nerves originate from and where do they go?

Answer 4

the sympathetic chain and go to innervate organs

Question 5

what are the three types of splanchnic nerves?

Answer 5

greater lesser and least

Question 6

are greater or lesser splanchnic nerves higher in the thorax?

Answer 6

greater splanchnic nerves originate higher in the thorax and innervate more than the lesser and least

Question 7

where does greater splanchnic nerve arise in vertebrae sense?

Answer 7

T5-T9

Question 8

where does lesser splanchnic nerve arise in vertebrae sense?

Answer 8

T10-T11

Question 9

where does least splanchnic nerve arise in vertebrae sense?

Answer 9

T12

Question 10

where is the pulmonary plexus located?

Answer 10

at the bifurcation of the trachea

Question 11

does the pulmonary plexus include para or sympathetic nerves?

Answer 11

BOTH

Question 12

what do sympathetic pulmonary nerves do to bronchioles?

Answer 12

bronchodilation

Question 13

what do parasympathetic pulmonary nerves do to bronchioles?

Answer 13

bronchoconstriction

Question 14

where do the parasympathetic nerves in the pulmonary plexus arise from?

Answer 14

the vagus nerve

Question 15

do the sympathetic nerves traveling through the pulmonary plexus synapse there?

Answer 15

no they have already synapsed in the sympathetic chain

Question 16

between what two structures does the phrenic nerve travel between?

Answer 16

between the parietal pleura and the pericardium…these are fused together

Question 17

is the phrenic nerve providing somatic motor of visceral motor information?

Answer 17

somatic motor innervation

diaphragm is a voluntary skeletal muscle

Question 18

does the phrenic nerve have somatic motor neurons or sensory neurons?

Answer 18

it has both

Question 19

where does the phrenic nerve get sensory info from?

Answer 19

central diaphragm
pleura
pericardium

Question 20

what are the principal muscles of inspiration

Answer 20

diaphragm and the external intercostals

Question 21

what are the accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 21

sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

Question 22

in expiration a passive or active process? what about inspiration?

Answer 22

passive for expiration

active for inspiration

Question 23

if you are out of breath and have to use muscles for expiration…what muscles contribute?

Answer 23

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Question 24

where does the diaphragm refer pain??

Answer 24

In the NECK…because the phrenic nerve originates in C3-C5 so pain seems like it is from these dermatomes

Question 25

name the two pleura of the lungs

Answer 25

visceral and parietal

Question 26

what pleura is laying directly on top of the lungs

Answer 26

the visceral pleura

Question 27

what are the four parts of the parietal pleura?

Answer 27

costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal
cervical

Question 28

define the pleural recesses

Answer 28

spaces within parietal pleura that the lung does not fill so two sides of parietal pleura sorta meet…these are at the base of the lung usually

Question 29

what are the symptoms of a tension pneumothorax

Answer 29

diminshed breath sounds
distended neck veins
tracheal deviation to opposite side of the pnuemothorax

Question 30

what is the root of the lungs?

Answer 30

short tubular collection of structures that connect the lung to the mediastinum

Question 31

what is included in the root of the lungs?

Answer 31

pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
main bronchus
bronchial vessels nerves and lymphatics

Question 32

how many lobes in R and L lung

Answer 32

3 in R

2 in L

Question 33

what is the fissure of the left lung?

Answer 33

oblique fissure

Question 34

what are the two fissures of the right lung?

Answer 34

oblique and horizontal fissure

Question 35

what is the order superior to inferior of vessels traveling through the root of the lung?

Answer 35

vein artery bronchus

Question 36

describe how arteries and veins supply bronchiole segments and what the main difference between the two is

Answer 36

each bronchiole segment has its own artery, but the veins collect from multiple bronchiole segments

Question 37

what do the bronchial arteries do?

Answer 37

the nutritive vascular system to give nutrients to the pulmonary tissues and parenchyma around the lungs

Question 38

what do the bronchial veins do?

Answer 38

drain the parenchyma into the azygos system

Question 39

where does the lymph of the lungs drain into? and where are these nodes located?

Answer 39

trachebronchial lymph nodes located along the trachea and main bronchi

Question 40

what lies on the anterior bodies of the vertebra in the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 40

esophagus

Question 41

what does the hemiazygous vein drain?

Answer 41

the lower four left intercostals veins

Question 42

what does the accessory hemiazygous vein drain?

Answer 42

the upper left intercostals veins …except for the lower four

Question 43

where do the hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous feed into?

Answer 43

the azygos vein on the right side

Question 44

what does the azygos vein drain?

Answer 44

all the right intercostals veins