Posterior Body Wall, Inguinal Region and Retroperitoneal Structures

Question 1

What is the origin and insertion of psoas major?

Answer 1

Origin - transverse processes of vertebral bodies L1-5

Insertion - lesser trochanter of the femur

Question 2

What is the innervation of psoas major?

Answer 2

Lumbar Plexus

Anterior rami of L1-3

Question 3

What is the action of psoas major?

Answer 3

Flexion of thigh at the hip
Lateral rotation of thigh
Lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Question 4

What is the blood supply of psoas major?

Answer 4

Lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery

Question 5

What is the origin and insertion of psoas minor?

Answer 5

Origin - vertebral bodies of T12 and L1 vertebrae

Insertion - iliopubic eminece

Question 6

What is the innervation of psoas minor?

Answer 6

Lumbar Plexus

Anterior ramus of L1

Question 7

What is the action of psoas minor?

Answer 7

Weak trunk flexion

Question 8

What is the blood supply of psoas minor?

Answer 8

Lumbar arteries

Some of psoas major blood supply

Question 9

What is the origin and insertion of quadratus lumborum?

Answer 9

Origin - iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament

Insertion - transverse process of L1-L4 and inferior border of 12th rib

Question 10

What is the innervation of quadratus lumborum?

Answer 10

Subcostal nerve (T12)
Anterior rami of L1-L4

Question 11

What is the action of quadratus lumborum? (2 things)

Answer 11

Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Fixes 12th rib during inspiration so that contraction of the diaphragm is not wasted

Question 12

What is the blood supply of quadratus lumborum? (4 arteries)

Answer 12

Lumbar artery
Median sacral artery
Iliolumbar artery
Subcostal artery

Question 13

What is the origin and insertion of iliacus?

Answer 13

Origin - iliac fossa

Insertion - lesser trochanter of the femur

Question 14

What is the action of iliacus?

Answer 14

Thigh flexion at the hip

Question 15

What is the innervation of iliacus?

Answer 15

Femoral nerve

Question 16

What is the blood supply of iliacus? (4 arteries)

Answer 16

Iliolumbar artery
Deep circumflex iliac artery
Obturator artery
Femoral artery

Question 17

What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique muscles?

Answer 17

Origin - external surface of ribs 5-12

Insertion - linea alba, pubic tubercle and anterior 1/2 of iliac crest

Question 18

What is the action of the external oblique muscles?

Answer 18

Trunk flexion, trunk rotation and expiration

Question 19

What is the blood supply of the external oblique muscles? (3 arteries)

Answer 19

Lower posterior intercostal arteries
Subcostal artery
Deep circumflex artery

Question 20

What is the origin and insertion of the internal oblique muscles?

Answer 20

Origin - anterior 2/3 of iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion - inferior border of ribs 10-12, linea alba and pubic crest

Question 21

What is the action of the internal oblique muscles?

Answer 21

Trunk flexion, trunk rotation and expiration

Question 22

What is the innervation of the internal oblique muscles?

Answer 22

Intercostal nerves (T7-11)
Subcostal nerve (T12)
Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

Question 23

What is the innervation of the external oblique muscles?

Answer 23

Intercostal nerves (T7-11) 
Subcostal nerve (T12)

Question 24

What is the blood supply of the internal oblique muscles?

Answer 24

Lower posterior intercostal arteries
Subcostal artery
Deep circumflex artery

Question 25

What is the origin and insertion of the transverse abdominis?

Answer 25

Origin - costa cartilages of ribs 7-12, anterior 2/3 of iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia Insertion - linea alba and pubic crest

Question 26

What is the action of transversus abdominis?

Answer 26

Expiration and trunk rotation

Question 27

What is the innervation of transversus abdominis?

Answer 27

``` Intercostal nerves (T7-T11) Subcostal nerve (T12) Iliohypogastric nerve (L1) Ilioinguinal nerve (L1) ```

Question 28

What is the blood supply of transversus abdominis? (4 arteries)

Answer 28

Lower posterior intercostal arteries Subcostal artery Deep circumflex artery Posterior lumbar arteries

Question 29

What is the origin and insertion of rectus abdominis?

Answer 29

Origin - pubic symphysis, pubic crest | Insertion - xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

Question 30

What is the innervation of rectus abdominis?

Answer 30

``` Intercostal nerves (T7-11) Subcostal nerve (T12) ```

Question 31

What is the action of rectus abdominis?

Answer 31

Trunk flexion | Expiration

Question 32

What is the blood supply of rectus abdominis?

Answer 32

Inferior and superior epigastric arteries | Deep circumflex arteries

Question 33

Give the order of components of the abdominal wall. (6)

Answer 33

``` Outside to inside: External oblique External oblique aponeurosis Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Transversialis fascia Peritoneum ```

Question 34

Where is the inguinal canal? In what direction does it travel?

Answer 34

Between ASIS and pubic tubercle | Travels inferomedially

Question 35

What is the inguinal formed by?

Answer 35

Relocation of the ovaries and testes in development

Question 36

What are the anterior, posterior, floor and roof of the inguinal canal?

Answer 36

Anterior - Aponeurosis of external oblique msucle Posterior - Transversialis fasia Floor - Inguinal ligament Roof - Arching fibres from transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles

Question 37

What is the contents of the inguinal canal in men?

Answer 37

Ilioinguinal nerve Blood vessels Lymphatic Spermatic cord

Question 38

What is the contents of the inguinal canal in women?

Answer 38

``` Ilioinguinal nerve Blood vessels Lymphatics Round ligament of the uterys Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve ```

Question 39

What is a hernia?

Answer 39

A direct protrusion of abdominal viscera through a weakening in the abdominal wall

Question 40

What is the most common type of hernaia?

Answer 40

Indirect inguinal hernia (70%)

Question 41

Why are hernias more common in men?

Answer 41

They have a larger inguinal canal

Question 42

What is a direct hernia?

Answer 42

Though weakened part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

Question 43

What is an indirect hernia?

Answer 43

Through the deep ring and superficial ring | Medial to inferior epigastric vessels

Question 44

What is the level of the left and right kidneys?

Answer 44

Left - T12-L2 | Right - L1-L3

Question 45

What is the blood supply to the kidneys? How is this then divided?

Answer 45

Renal artery - a branch from the aorta | Divides into anterior and posterior branches at the hilum

Question 46

What does the anterior branch of the renal artery divide into?

Answer 46

``` Segmental arteries: Apical Anterior Anterior inferior Inferior ```

Question 47

What happens to the blood supply of the kidney at the level of the minor calyces?

Answer 47

Anterior renal artery divides into interlobar arteries

Question 48

What are the interlobar arteries at the base of renal pyramids called?

Answer 48

Arcuate arteries

Question 49

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 49

``` Interlobar arteries drain the nephron To arcuate veins To interlobar veins To renal veins To IVC ```

Question 50

What is the innervation of the kidney?

Answer 50

Sympathetic innervation from renal plexus | From celiac plexus and splanchnic nerves

Question 51

What are the suprarenal glands?

Answer 51

Endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and steroids aldosterone and cortisol

Question 52

What do the iliohypogastric and ilionguinal nerves innervate? (2 things)

Answer 52

Internal oblique | Transversus abdominis