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Anatomy Unit Two > Posterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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2
Q

the kidneys are located approx. between the vertebral levels

A

T11-L2 (left)

T12- L3

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3
Q

the superior portion of the kidney is protected by

A

the thoracic cage

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4
Q

what do you want to avoid during a needle biopsy of the kidney

A

costodiaphragmatic recess/ pleural cavity

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5
Q

each kidney is located in a space called

A

paravertebral gutters

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6
Q

what are the kidneys immediately embedded in

A

perirenal fat

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7
Q

the perirenal fat and the kidneys are enclosed in

A

renal fasica

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8
Q

external to the renal fascia is another layer termed

A

pararenal fat

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9
Q

which layers are important in anchoring the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall

A

renal fat and fascial layers

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10
Q

the kidney and ureters are

A

primarily retroperitoneal organs

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11
Q

anterior surface of the right kidney is in contact

A

with the liver, duodenum and right colic flexure

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12
Q

anterior surface of the left kidneys is in contact with

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas and left colic flexure

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13
Q

primary function of the urinary system

A

eliminates waste products that it filters from the blood

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14
Q

the functional tissue of the kidney is subdivided into three major regions

A

the outer cortex, middle medulla and inner renal pelvis

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15
Q

the cortex of the kidney contains all the? what is the function

A

renal corpuscles- structures that filter blood

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16
Q

the medulla of the kidneys contain? what is the function?

A

renal pyramids- these tubes modify the filtrate by reabsorbing substances and helping to concentrate filtrate so we do not lose too much body fluid

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17
Q

the renal sinus functions

A

to receive urine from each renal pyramid- here urine is in its final form so it will no longer be modified

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18
Q

when urine is delivered into the minor calyces

A

it is in its final form and will not be modified further

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19
Q

blood enters the kidney’s through the?

A

renal arteries, duct branches of the abdominal aorta that arise at about the level of the superior mesenteric artery

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20
Q

blood supply to the kindey?

A

renal artery- lobar artery- interlobar artery- arcuate artyer- interlobular arteries

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21
Q

renal veins drain into

A

the IVC

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22
Q

if the left renal vein is compressed this can lead to stasis of?

A

left kidney, left suprarenal gland and left gonad. The third part of the duodenum can also be constricted

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23
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

it is a muscular tube that contracts by peristalsis to force the urine toward the urinary bladder for storage

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24
Q

the ureter is uniform in diameter except for at which three sites?

A

its origin from the renal pelvis, at the pelvic brim and at the entrance of the bladder

25
Q

the most anterior organ in the pelvis is?

A

urinary bladder

26
Q

smooth muscle of the bladder is known as the

A

detrusor muscle

27
Q

the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter is innervated by?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

28
Q

where is the internal urethral spinchter (smooth muscle) located?

A

at the base of the bladder and the start of the urethra

29
Q

the external urethral sphincter (voluntary muscle)

A

is located in the perineum

30
Q

which nerves innervated the abdominal organs?

A

thoracic and splanchnic

31
Q

in the abdomen, where do sympathetic splanchnic nerves synapse

A

in collateral ganglia

32
Q

a majority of abdominal organs receive parasympathetic innervation from

A

vagus nerves

33
Q

the foregut and midgut contain?

A

preganglionic parasympathteic fibers

34
Q

main function of parasympathetics in the abdomen?

A

increase of gut motility

35
Q

the hindgut is innervated by? where do they leave the spinal cord?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

leave the spinal cord through sacral spinal nerves 2-4

36
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic axons to the descending and sigmoid colon travel from

A

the pelvic splanchnic nerves through the inferior hypogastric plexus to the hypogastric nerves to the superior hypogastric plexus

37
Q

thoracic splanchnic nerves contain?

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

38
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the hindgut are from?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

39
Q

the hypogastric nerves connect?

A

the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

40
Q

the foregut and pid gut receive parasympathetic innervation from?

A

vagal trunks

41
Q

the post ganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies are located in?

A

the wall of the target organ

42
Q

the postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located in the?

A

collateral ganglia

43
Q

what is the exception with the adrenal gland?

A

sympathetic innervation to the adrenal gland is a one neuron pathway

44
Q

the urinary bladder is innervated by?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory fibers

45
Q

as the bladder fills with urine, explain autonomically what happens

A

sympathetic neurons relax the detrusor muscle and contract the involuntary sphincter (internal urethral spinchter) somatomotor fibers from sacral spinal nerves s2-s4 constrict the volunray spinchter. as the bladder becomes filled with urine, stretch receptor send sensory information to the CNS that stimulates parasympathetic neruons in the sacral spinal cord

46
Q

once the CNS is receives stretch receptors from the bladder filling from urine- parasympathetics do what? what happens autonomically?

A

preganglionic parasympathetic axons exit the spinal cord with sacral spinal nerves S2-4 and form pelvic splanchnic nerves which pass to synapse in ganglia in the wall of the bladder. the postganglionic parasympathetics cause contraction of the destrusor muscle and relaxation of the involuntary sphincter

47
Q

for urination to occur it is also necessary to relax the voluntary sphincter. What does this require?

A

inhibition of the somatomotor neurons in sacral spinal cord S2-4 that innervate the voluntary sphinchter

48
Q

what are the parietal branches of the aorta?

A

inferior phrenic arteries

lumbar arteries

49
Q

the inferior phrenic arteries supply

A

the diaphragm and have suprarenal branches that supply the adrenal gland

50
Q

lumbar arteries are comparable to? branch from? supply?

A

comparable to posterior intercostal arteries of the thorax.

branch segmentally from the aorta

supply the body wall in the lumbar region

51
Q

visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

renal arteries
suprarenal arteries
ovarian or testicular arteries

52
Q

renal arteries supply

A

the kidney and suprarenal glands

53
Q

what are the three suprarenal artery sources?

A

superior suprarenal arteries are branches of the inferior phrenic

middle suprarenal arteries are direct branches of the aorta

inferior suprarenal arteries are branches of the renal arteries

54
Q

ovarian or testicular arteries supply

A

the ovary or the scrotum to supply the testis

55
Q

what is the ligament that unites the two crura as it arch of the aorta and froms the aortic hiatus

A

median arcuate ligament

56
Q

what is on the left side by the lateral arcuate ligament? what is it devoid of and why is that a problem

A

the lumbocostal trigone- it is devoid of muscle fibers which makes it a weak spot prone to hernias

57
Q

all somatomotor innervation of the diaphragm is by

A

the phrenic nerve

58
Q

irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura or the abdominal peritonem of the diaphragm refers pain to

A

the left shoulder (c3-5)

59
Q

irritation of the peripheral rim of the diaphragm is referred to?

A

the skin over the costal margin via intercostal nerves

Anatomy Unit Two (5 decks)

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