Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards
what are the four organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
the kidneys are located approx. between the vertebral levels
T11-L2 (left)
T12- L3
the superior portion of the kidney is protected by
the thoracic cage
what do you want to avoid during a needle biopsy of the kidney
costodiaphragmatic recess/ pleural cavity
each kidney is located in a space called
paravertebral gutters
what are the kidneys immediately embedded in
perirenal fat
the perirenal fat and the kidneys are enclosed in
renal fasica
external to the renal fascia is another layer termed
pararenal fat
which layers are important in anchoring the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall
renal fat and fascial layers
the kidney and ureters are
primarily retroperitoneal organs
anterior surface of the right kidney is in contact
with the liver, duodenum and right colic flexure
anterior surface of the left kidneys is in contact with
stomach, spleen, pancreas and left colic flexure
primary function of the urinary system
eliminates waste products that it filters from the blood
the functional tissue of the kidney is subdivided into three major regions
the outer cortex, middle medulla and inner renal pelvis
the cortex of the kidney contains all the? what is the function
renal corpuscles- structures that filter blood
the medulla of the kidneys contain? what is the function?
renal pyramids- these tubes modify the filtrate by reabsorbing substances and helping to concentrate filtrate so we do not lose too much body fluid
the renal sinus functions
to receive urine from each renal pyramid- here urine is in its final form so it will no longer be modified
when urine is delivered into the minor calyces
it is in its final form and will not be modified further
blood enters the kidney’s through the?
renal arteries, duct branches of the abdominal aorta that arise at about the level of the superior mesenteric artery
blood supply to the kindey?
renal artery- lobar artery- interlobar artery- arcuate artyer- interlobular arteries
renal veins drain into
the IVC
if the left renal vein is compressed this can lead to stasis of?
left kidney, left suprarenal gland and left gonad. The third part of the duodenum can also be constricted
What is the function of the ureter?
it is a muscular tube that contracts by peristalsis to force the urine toward the urinary bladder for storage
the ureter is uniform in diameter except for at which three sites?
its origin from the renal pelvis, at the pelvic brim and at the entrance of the bladder
the most anterior organ in the pelvis is?
urinary bladder
smooth muscle of the bladder is known as the
detrusor muscle
the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter is innervated by?
parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
where is the internal urethral spinchter (smooth muscle) located?
at the base of the bladder and the start of the urethra
the external urethral sphincter (voluntary muscle)
is located in the perineum
which nerves innervated the abdominal organs?
thoracic and splanchnic
in the abdomen, where do sympathetic splanchnic nerves synapse
in collateral ganglia
a majority of abdominal organs receive parasympathetic innervation from
vagus nerves
the foregut and midgut contain?
preganglionic parasympathteic fibers
main function of parasympathetics in the abdomen?
increase of gut motility
the hindgut is innervated by? where do they leave the spinal cord?
pelvic splanchnic nerves
leave the spinal cord through sacral spinal nerves 2-4
preganglionic parasympathetic axons to the descending and sigmoid colon travel from
the pelvic splanchnic nerves through the inferior hypogastric plexus to the hypogastric nerves to the superior hypogastric plexus
thoracic splanchnic nerves contain?
preganglionic sympathetic fibers
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the hindgut are from?
pelvic splanchnic nerves
the hypogastric nerves connect?
the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses
the foregut and pid gut receive parasympathetic innervation from?
vagal trunks
the post ganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies are located in?
the wall of the target organ
the postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located in the?
collateral ganglia
what is the exception with the adrenal gland?
sympathetic innervation to the adrenal gland is a one neuron pathway
the urinary bladder is innervated by?
sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory fibers
as the bladder fills with urine, explain autonomically what happens
sympathetic neurons relax the detrusor muscle and contract the involuntary sphincter (internal urethral spinchter) somatomotor fibers from sacral spinal nerves s2-s4 constrict the volunray spinchter. as the bladder becomes filled with urine, stretch receptor send sensory information to the CNS that stimulates parasympathetic neruons in the sacral spinal cord
once the CNS is receives stretch receptors from the bladder filling from urine- parasympathetics do what? what happens autonomically?
preganglionic parasympathetic axons exit the spinal cord with sacral spinal nerves S2-4 and form pelvic splanchnic nerves which pass to synapse in ganglia in the wall of the bladder. the postganglionic parasympathetics cause contraction of the destrusor muscle and relaxation of the involuntary sphincter
for urination to occur it is also necessary to relax the voluntary sphincter. What does this require?
inhibition of the somatomotor neurons in sacral spinal cord S2-4 that innervate the voluntary sphinchter
what are the parietal branches of the aorta?
inferior phrenic arteries
lumbar arteries
the inferior phrenic arteries supply
the diaphragm and have suprarenal branches that supply the adrenal gland
lumbar arteries are comparable to? branch from? supply?
comparable to posterior intercostal arteries of the thorax.
branch segmentally from the aorta
supply the body wall in the lumbar region
visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
renal arteries
suprarenal arteries
ovarian or testicular arteries
renal arteries supply
the kidney and suprarenal glands
what are the three suprarenal artery sources?
superior suprarenal arteries are branches of the inferior phrenic
middle suprarenal arteries are direct branches of the aorta
inferior suprarenal arteries are branches of the renal arteries
ovarian or testicular arteries supply
the ovary or the scrotum to supply the testis
what is the ligament that unites the two crura as it arch of the aorta and froms the aortic hiatus
median arcuate ligament
what is on the left side by the lateral arcuate ligament? what is it devoid of and why is that a problem
the lumbocostal trigone- it is devoid of muscle fibers which makes it a weak spot prone to hernias
all somatomotor innervation of the diaphragm is by
the phrenic nerve
irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura or the abdominal peritonem of the diaphragm refers pain to
the left shoulder (c3-5)
irritation of the peripheral rim of the diaphragm is referred to?
the skin over the costal margin via intercostal nerves
