Posterior Abdominal Wall

Question 1

what are the four organs of the urinary system

Answer 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Question 2

the kidneys are located approx. between the vertebral levels

Answer 2

T11-L2 (left)

T12- L3

Question 3

the superior portion of the kidney is protected by

Answer 3

the thoracic cage

Question 4

what do you want to avoid during a needle biopsy of the kidney

Answer 4

costodiaphragmatic recess/ pleural cavity

Question 5

each kidney is located in a space called

Answer 5

paravertebral gutters

Question 6

what are the kidneys immediately embedded in

Answer 6

perirenal fat

Question 7

the perirenal fat and the kidneys are enclosed in

Answer 7

renal fasica

Question 8

external to the renal fascia is another layer termed

Answer 8

pararenal fat

Question 9

which layers are important in anchoring the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 9

renal fat and fascial layers

Question 10

the kidney and ureters are

Answer 10

primarily retroperitoneal organs

Question 11

anterior surface of the right kidney is in contact

Answer 11

with the liver, duodenum and right colic flexure

Question 12

anterior surface of the left kidneys is in contact with

Answer 12

stomach, spleen, pancreas and left colic flexure

Question 13

primary function of the urinary system

Answer 13

eliminates waste products that it filters from the blood

Question 14

the functional tissue of the kidney is subdivided into three major regions

Answer 14

the outer cortex, middle medulla and inner renal pelvis

Question 15

the cortex of the kidney contains all the? what is the function

Answer 15

renal corpuscles- structures that filter blood

Question 16

the medulla of the kidneys contain? what is the function?

Answer 16

renal pyramids- these tubes modify the filtrate by reabsorbing substances and helping to concentrate filtrate so we do not lose too much body fluid

Question 17

the renal sinus functions

Answer 17

to receive urine from each renal pyramid- here urine is in its final form so it will no longer be modified

Question 18

when urine is delivered into the minor calyces

Answer 18

it is in its final form and will not be modified further

Question 19

blood enters the kidney’s through the?

Answer 19

renal arteries, duct branches of the abdominal aorta that arise at about the level of the superior mesenteric artery

Question 20

blood supply to the kindey?

Answer 20

renal artery- lobar artery- interlobar artery- arcuate artyer- interlobular arteries

Question 21

renal veins drain into

Answer 21

the IVC

Question 22

if the left renal vein is compressed this can lead to stasis of?

Answer 22

left kidney, left suprarenal gland and left gonad. The third part of the duodenum can also be constricted

Question 23

What is the function of the ureter?

Answer 23

it is a muscular tube that contracts by peristalsis to force the urine toward the urinary bladder for storage

Question 24

the ureter is uniform in diameter except for at which three sites?

Answer 24

its origin from the renal pelvis, at the pelvic brim and at the entrance of the bladder

Question 25

the most anterior organ in the pelvis is?

Answer 25

urinary bladder

Question 26

smooth muscle of the bladder is known as the

Answer 26

detrusor muscle

Question 27

the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter is innervated by?

Answer 27

parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

Question 28

where is the internal urethral spinchter (smooth muscle) located?

Answer 28

at the base of the bladder and the start of the urethra

Question 29

the external urethral sphincter (voluntary muscle)

Answer 29

is located in the perineum

Question 30

which nerves innervated the abdominal organs?

Answer 30

thoracic and splanchnic

Question 31

in the abdomen, where do sympathetic splanchnic nerves synapse

Answer 31

in collateral ganglia

Question 32

a majority of abdominal organs receive parasympathetic innervation from

Answer 32

vagus nerves

Question 33

the foregut and midgut contain?

Answer 33

preganglionic parasympathteic fibers

Question 34

main function of parasympathetics in the abdomen?

Answer 34

increase of gut motility

Question 35

the hindgut is innervated by? where do they leave the spinal cord?

Answer 35

pelvic splanchnic nerves | leave the spinal cord through sacral spinal nerves 2-4

Question 36

preganglionic parasympathetic axons to the descending and sigmoid colon travel from

Answer 36

the pelvic splanchnic nerves through the inferior hypogastric plexus to the hypogastric nerves to the superior hypogastric plexus

Question 37

thoracic splanchnic nerves contain?

Answer 37

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 38

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the hindgut are from?

Answer 38

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 39

the hypogastric nerves connect?

Answer 39

the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

Question 40

the foregut and pid gut receive parasympathetic innervation from?

Answer 40

vagal trunks

Question 41

the post ganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies are located in?

Answer 41

the wall of the target organ

Question 42

the postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located in the?

Answer 42

collateral ganglia

Question 43

what is the exception with the adrenal gland?

Answer 43

sympathetic innervation to the adrenal gland is a one neuron pathway

Question 44

the urinary bladder is innervated by?

Answer 44

sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory fibers

Question 45

as the bladder fills with urine, explain autonomically what happens

Answer 45

sympathetic neurons relax the detrusor muscle and contract the involuntary sphincter (internal urethral spinchter) somatomotor fibers from sacral spinal nerves s2-s4 constrict the volunray spinchter. as the bladder becomes filled with urine, stretch receptor send sensory information to the CNS that stimulates parasympathetic neruons in the sacral spinal cord

Question 46

once the CNS is receives stretch receptors from the bladder filling from urine- parasympathetics do what? what happens autonomically?

Answer 46

preganglionic parasympathetic axons exit the spinal cord with sacral spinal nerves S2-4 and form pelvic splanchnic nerves which pass to synapse in ganglia in the wall of the bladder. the postganglionic parasympathetics cause contraction of the destrusor muscle and relaxation of the involuntary sphincter

Question 47

for urination to occur it is also necessary to relax the voluntary sphincter. What does this require?

Answer 47

inhibition of the somatomotor neurons in sacral spinal cord S2-4 that innervate the voluntary sphinchter

Question 48

what are the parietal branches of the aorta?

Answer 48

inferior phrenic arteries | lumbar arteries

Question 49

the inferior phrenic arteries supply

Answer 49

the diaphragm and have suprarenal branches that supply the adrenal gland

Question 50

lumbar arteries are comparable to? branch from? supply?

Answer 50

comparable to posterior intercostal arteries of the thorax. branch segmentally from the aorta supply the body wall in the lumbar region

Question 51

visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 51

renal arteries suprarenal arteries ovarian or testicular arteries

Question 52

renal arteries supply

Answer 52

the kidney and suprarenal glands

Question 53

what are the three suprarenal artery sources?

Answer 53

superior suprarenal arteries are branches of the inferior phrenic middle suprarenal arteries are direct branches of the aorta inferior suprarenal arteries are branches of the renal arteries

Question 54

ovarian or testicular arteries supply

Answer 54

the ovary or the scrotum to supply the testis

Question 55

what is the ligament that unites the two crura as it arch of the aorta and froms the aortic hiatus

Answer 55

median arcuate ligament

Question 56

what is on the left side by the lateral arcuate ligament? what is it devoid of and why is that a problem

Answer 56

the lumbocostal trigone- it is devoid of muscle fibers which makes it a weak spot prone to hernias

Question 57

all somatomotor innervation of the diaphragm is by

Answer 57

the phrenic nerve

Question 58

irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura or the abdominal peritonem of the diaphragm refers pain to

Answer 58

the left shoulder (c3-5)

Question 59

irritation of the peripheral rim of the diaphragm is referred to?

Answer 59

the skin over the costal margin via intercostal nerves