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Y4 FA - Reproduction > Post-partum disease in cattle 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Post-partum disease in cattle 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What steps have to happen between calving and successful establishment of the next pregnancy?

A

1) Involution of the uterus (after expulsion of calf and placenta)
2) Restoration of the endometrium - Cotyledons
3) Resumption of ovarian cyclicity
4) Insemination
5) Fertilisation -> conception in a timely manner
6) Maintenance of the pregnancy
7) Calve again

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2
Q

How long does uterus involution after calving take?

A

3-4 weeks

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3
Q

Restoration of the endothelium and cotyledons following parturition takes how long?

A

25+ days

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4
Q

Describe the resumption of cyclicity in cows postpartum

A
  • All cows have an increase in FSH which stimulates the first follicular wave 2 weeks post partum
  • Subsequent events vary between dairy and beef suckler cows (or cows with ill health/NEB)
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5
Q

Following calving the levels of which hormones are low?

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen

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6
Q

Does the 1st Dominant Follicle postpartum ovulate?

A

Yes - if sufficient oestrogen secretion from the dominant follicle for LH/FSH surge

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7
Q

The capacity for oestrogen secretion from the follicle depends on what factors?

A

-Size of the dominant follicle (bigger = more oestrogen)
- LH pulse frequency (nutrition, health)
- IGF bioavailability (nutrition)

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8
Q

Describe the different options available for oestrus detection

A
  • Visual observation
  • Tail-head markers (stickers/chalk)
  • Activity meters
  • Progesterone monitoring
  • External technician (single job to do)
  • Bull/Teaser bull
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9
Q

In which stage of the cycle do cows need to be inseminated?

A

Oestrus

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10
Q

Which factors need to be considered for AI being carried out correctly?

A

Correct semen storage and handling
Correct insemination technique

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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of natural service?

A
  • Leave the timing to the bulls (pheromones aid detection; multiple mounts cost nothing!)
  • Lack of genetic variation and potential for injury to both bull and cow
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12
Q

Describe the early stages of early embryonic development

A
  • Fertilisation
  • 2-cell
  • 4-cell
  • Blastocysts
  • Elongated blastocyst
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13
Q

Where does pregnancy implantation take place?

A

In the middle 1/3 of the gravid horn, ipsilateral (same side) to the ovulated ovary

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14
Q

In cattle, how does the embryo signal its presence?

A

Bu elongating and secreting interferon

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15
Q

List some potential reasons for failure of fertilisation and embryonic loss

A
  • AI technique/timing
  • Oocyte quality
  • Uterine environment
  • Infectious agents (BDV, BHV1, lepto, campylobacter)
  • Metabolic status of dam /Nutrition of the dam
  • Genetic abnormality of embryo
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16
Q

List some common things that go wrong after calving that are seen by the farmer/vet

A
  • Retained Foetal Membranes
  • Metritis / Endometritis
  • Cystic ovarian disease
  • Failure to resume ovarian cyclicity = non-buller/NSB/ONO (or failure of detection???)
  • Return to oestrus (on time or not on time)
  • Insufficient IFT production -> fails to implant -> Embryonic death (early / late)
  • Abortion
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17
Q

Name 3 uterine infections

A

Metritis
Endometritis
Pyometra

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18
Q

What are the consequences of uterine infections on the uterine environment?

A
  • Damage the uterus
  • Suppressed hypothalamic GnRH and pituitary LH secretion
  • Have localised effects on ovarian function
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19
Q

Name the 5 main pathogens that cause uterine infections in cattle

A

E.coli
Trueperella pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Dichelobacter nodosus
Bovine herpes virus 4

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20
Q

List some risk factors for bacterial uterine infections

A
  • Multiparous
  • Dystocia
  • Milk fever
  • Abortion
  • RFM
  • Induction
  • Reduced DMI
  • Negative energy balance after calving
  • Vitamin deficiencies
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21
Q

Define metritis

A

An abnormally enlarged uterus and purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina, within 21 days after parturition

22
Q

How is metritis characterised?

A

An enlarged uterus
Watery red/brown fluid - viscous off-white purulent uterine discharge
Fetid odour

23
Q

Describe a grade 1 metritis

A

Enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine discharge but no pyrexia / illness

24
Q

Describe a grade 2 metritis

A

“puerperal metritis” - overt systemic illness (decreased milk yield, fever > 39.5°C, reduced appetite)

25
Q

Describe a grade 3 metritis

A

“toxaemic metritis” - signs of toxaemia (cold extremities, dullness)

26
Q

Define pyometra

A

Accumulation of purulent material within the uterine lumen in the presence of a corpus luteum and a closed cervix

27
Q

How is a pyometra diagnosed?

A

Enlarged uterus
CL
Ultrasound for pus

28
Q

How is a pyometra treated?

A

Give prostaglandins

29
Q

Define clinical endometritis

A

The presence of a purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina 21 days or more post partum
OR muco-purulent discharge detectable in the vagina after 26 days post partum

30
Q

Describe the uterine discharge score for endometritis, including each grade

A

Grade 0 = clear or translucent
Grade 1 = Flecks of white of off-white pus
Grade 2 = <50ml of exudate containing <50% white or off white material
Grade 3 = >50ml of exudate containing purulent material, usually white or yellow but occasionally bloody

31
Q

Which grades of endometritis do you treat?

A

Grades 2 and 3

32
Q

How would the uterus containing a mummified foetus present?

A
  • Uterus palpably larger than it should be
  • Not a pyometra
  • Inside the uterus is a mummified foetus
  • Cervix won’t be open
  • Damage to endometrium
33
Q

List some factors linked to the calving period that have an impact on fertility

A
  • Caesarean
  • Lameness
  • Endometritis
  • RFM
  • Dystocia
  • Mastitis
  • Milk fever
  • Low BCS
34
Q

List the consequences endometritis has for future fertility/pregnancies

A
  • Increased calving to first serve interval
  • Increased serves per conception
  • Increased calving to conception
  • Smaller follicles (less oestrogen)
  • Smaller CL (less progesterone)
35
Q

Name 2 risk factors for sub-clinical endometritis

A

Negative energy balance/Ketosis
Metritis

36
Q

Define cystic ovarian disease

A

The presence of a large follicle-like structure on one of the ovaries, having a diameter of 2.5 cm or greater, that persists for at least 10 days, in the absence of luteal tissue

37
Q

What are follicular and luteal cysts?

A
  • A follicle that hasn’t ovulated so it continues to grow and grow
  • A luteal cyst is a follicular cyst that eventually lutelyses
38
Q

What is the main symptom of cystic ovarian disease?

A

Nymphomania - excessive sexual activity

39
Q

What are the consequences of cystic ovarian disease?

A
  • Extended calving intervals
  • Increased numbers of inseminations per conception
  • Greater risk of being culled
40
Q

List the risk factors for cystic ovarian disease

A
  • High milk production
  • NEB and ketosis; raised NEFAs
  • Higher parity
  • Twinning and periparturient problems
  • Excess BCS at drying off
  • Genetic predisposition
41
Q

Where does a follicular cyst arise from?

A

A follicle that fails to ovulate
- so anything that interferes with GnRH and LH production will inhibit ovulation e.g lameness, NEB, mastitis, illness

42
Q

Describe how follicular cysts develop and cause clinical signs

A
  • Continue to grow
  • May produce oestradiol for first half of its life, then cease; can only produce oestradiol if has been exposed to progesterone from a CL beforehand…..so not every cow you examine and find a FC will exhibit the typical behaviour.
  • Oestradiol leads to irregular/excessive oestrous behaviour
43
Q

How do you treat follicular cysts if there is a >2cm CL present at the same time? why?

A

If there is a CL > 2cm present at the same time (on either ovary), the follicular cyst will be hormonally inactive; the CL rules and any treatment will be directed at the CL as it is the dominant structure

44
Q

Describe the features of a follicular cyst

A
  • Thin wall <3mm
  • Fluid filled
  • Internal diameter of more than 25mm
  • Duration 10 days
45
Q

Describe hormonal secretion by follicular cysts and the effects of this

A
  • Secrete oestradiol for first half of cyst lifespan (assumed)….50% cysts secrete it
  • Other follicles cannot develop during the oestrogenic phase
  • Prolonged oestrogen inhibits an LH surge
46
Q

What is a luteal cyst?

A

A luteinised follicular cyst

47
Q

Describe the features of a luteal cyst

A
  • > 25mm external diameter
  • Thick wall > 3mm (indicates progesterone production)
  • Fluid filled lacuna
  • Duration ->10 days
  • A thick wall or the presence of trabeculae in the CL lacuna indicates luteinisation is occurring
48
Q

How are cysts diagnosed?

A

Palpation
Ultrasound
Progesterone profiling

49
Q

How are follicular cysts treated?

A

Burst
GnRH - Cause it to ovulate, or cause it to luteinise
Progesterone (PRID/CIDR)
Aspirate
Leave alone
Check response to treatment at next farm visit or go back specifically to see this cow (costs in extra visit but gains in getting her cycling and into oestrus again)

50
Q

What should you do if a cow comes back into heat after treatment for follicular cysts?

A

The “cyst” may have ovulated…do not inseminate…the oocyte is possibly old and overcooked/infertile….await next oestrus.

51
Q

How can you treat luteal cysts?

A

Prostaglandins

Y4 FA - Reproduction (10 decks)

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