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Y4 FA - Reproduction > Bull Breeding Soundness examination > Flashcards

Bull Breeding Soundness examination Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of bulls?

A

No other individual makes as much contribution to the herd:
- Genetics
- Calves born/Milk in the tank
- Disease?

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2
Q

What is the objective of the bull breeding soundness examination?

A

To detect bulls whose fertility is sub-optimal and avoid using them

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3
Q

What is the aim of a fertile bull?

A

Should get 90% of 50 normal, cycling, disease free females pregnant within 9 weeks
60% should become pregnant within the first 3 weeks of the breeding period

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4
Q

To achieve good fertility in natural service conditions the bull must be able to …? (4 answers)

A
  • Find cows in heat
  • Mount the cow
  • Serve the cow
  • Produce large amounts of viable sperm
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5
Q

Name the 3 stages of the bull breeding soundness examination

A
  • General clinical exam
  • Reproductive tract exam
  • Semen evaluation
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6
Q

The general clinical exam includes evaluation of?

A
  • Condition score
  • Locomotion and gait
  • Conformation
  • Ocular conditions
  • Teeth
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7
Q

What is the ideal BCS of a bull?

A

Ideally 3 or 3.5 at start of breeding period

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8
Q

Why do ocular conditions of a bull need to be assessed?

A

Need to be normal to detect cows in heat

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9
Q

Why do a bulls teeth need to be assessed?

A

May have overshot or undershot jaw which is heritable

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10
Q

The reproductive tract examination includes evaluation of?

A
  • Scrotal circumference
  • Testicles and related structures
  • Accessory sex glands
  • Prepuce and penis
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11
Q

Scrotal circumference is highly correlated to…?

A

Total sperm output

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12
Q

At 2 years old what is the minimum scrotal circumference a bull for breeding should have?

A

34cm

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13
Q

Name 4 methods of semen collection

A
  • Artificial vagina
  • Electro-ejaculation
  • Trans-rectal ampullary massage
  • Internal artificial vagina
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14
Q

Which method of semen collection is the most reliable?

A

Electro-ejaculation

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15
Q

The semen evaluation assesses …?

A
  • Gross motility
  • Linear progressive motility
  • Morphology
  • WBCs
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16
Q

How can libido be tested?

A

There are no standard libido tests
Rule of thumb - If a bull is put with a cow on heat then he should serve her definitely within 20 minutes and ideally within 10

17
Q

Where can problems of the reproductive tract occur?

A
  • Penile and preputial problems
  • Problems with the accessory sex glands
  • Problems with the testes
  • Sexually transmitted disease
18
Q

A broken penis is also termed?

A

A penile haematoma

19
Q

A broken penis is also termed?

A

A penile haematoma

20
Q

How can a penile haematoma be treated?

A
  • Cull
  • Medical management
  • Surgical management
21
Q

How is a penile haematoma medically managed?

A
  • Most successful when swelling is <15cm diameter.
  • Sexual rest for 2 months
  • Cold hosing for 4 days followed by warm hosing and massage for 3 week
  • Antibiotics to stop abscess formation & NSAIDs
22
Q

How is a penile haematoma surgically managed?

A

Removal of blood clot and suturing of tunica albuginea where possible
Followed by medical treatment

23
Q

A penile fibropapilloma is caused by?

A

Bovine papilloma virus

24
Q

When is a penile fibropapilloma most common?

A
  • Most common in young bulls
  • May disappear over time but can take some time and may interfere with serving, therefore surgical removal may be indicated.
25
Q

List some other penile and preputial problems

A
  • Penile deviations
  • Hair rings
  • Persistent frenulum
  • Preputial injuries
  • Preputial prolapse
26
Q

What are the 3 main bovine venereal diseases?

A
  • Campylobacter fetus venerealis
  • Trichomonas foetus
  • Bovine herpes virus 1
27
Q

What are the clinical signs of Campylobacter fetus venerealis infection?

A
  • Endometritis after service
  • Failure to conceive
  • Late embryonic death
  • Abortion: usually 4-5months
28
Q

How does infection with Campylobacter fetus venerealis differ in males and females?

A
  • After becoming infected the cow develops immunity after a few months and can get pregnant again but may shed for up to 1 year
  • Bulls don’t develop immunity but young bulls (<4y.o) can sometimes be treated with Streptomycin
29
Q

Describe diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus venerealis in males and females

A

Males – sheath washing & culture (APHA sampling kit)
Females – vaginal mucus culture
Poor sensitivity so repeat sample is needed

30
Q

Describe how to control Campylobacter fetus venerealis

A
  • Use AI for at least 2 years or longer (not always possible for beef herds)
  • Separate infected from non-infected herds
31
Q

What is trichomonas foetus?

A

Protozoan parasite- not found in the UK

32
Q

Describe infections of bulls with trichomonas foetus

A

Bulls are carriers, after transient balanoposthitis they become asymptomatic carriers

33
Q

Describe infections of cows with trichomonas foetus

A

Females return to service, possible mucoflocculent discharge 1 week after service, may cause abortion at 2-4 months, may lead to pyometra

34
Q

How is trichomonas foetus treated?

A

No licensed treatment in the UK

35
Q

Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis/Balanoposthitis is caused by?

A

Bovine herpes virus 1

36
Q

Describe Bovine herpes virus 1 infections in a cow

A
  • Mucopurulent vaginal discharge.
  • Inflammation of the vaginal and vulvar mucosa with pustules which become ulcers
37
Q

Describe Bovine herpes virus 1 infections in a bull

A

Painful swelling of the penis and prepuce

38
Q

How is bovine herpes 1 diagnosed?

A

PCR or FAT on swabs, or paired serology

39
Q

How is bovine herpes 1 treated?

A

No specific treatment, will get better without treatment

Y4 FA - Reproduction (10 decks)

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