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2024 SEM 2 ENV SCI (LAB) > post lab discussion 1 & 2 - acid rain > Flashcards

post lab discussion 1 & 2 - acid rain Flashcards

1
Q

it is an acidic precipitation
(examples)

A

acid rain
(rain, snow, fog, sleet, dry particles of dust that fall from the sky)

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2
Q

what does rainwater composed of

A

chemicals
particulates (Mg, K, Ca, Na & CO2)

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3
Q

H2O + CO2

A

H2CO3 - carbonic acid (pH 5.6)

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4
Q

what reaction increases its acidity to pH

A

oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide
increase its acidity to pH 4.0 - 4.3

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5
Q

oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide occurs naturally as short-lived by products of ____ and ____

A

volcanic eruptions
lightning

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6
Q

NOx -
SO2 -

A

NOx - oxides of nitrogen
SO2 - sulfur dioxide

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7
Q

what causes the increase of the amount of NOx and SO2

A

burning of fossil fuels from powerplants (electricity), refineries (oil and gas) and automobiles (vehicles)

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8
Q

equations of
formation of sulfuric acid from burning coal and
formation of nitric acid from internal combustion engines burning gasoline and diesel fuel

A

formation of sulfuric acid from burning coal
S2 + O2 —-> SO2
SO2 + O2 —–> SO3
SO3 + H2O —–> H2SO4

formation of nitric acid from internal combustion engines burning gasoline and diesel fuel
NO + O2 —-> NO2
NO2 + H2O —–> HNO3

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9
Q

briefly explain the acid rain in Adirondack Park

A

in the 1960s, power plants in the Midwest that burned coal were causing air pollution probs locally
to address: EPA - Environmental Protection Agency advised to build very tall smokestacks around 70-80 storied high - carry pollution away from local area
however, it disperse the pollution to other states. damaging lakes, rivers and forest in parks

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10
Q

Adirondack Park was created by …

A

the Eastern upstate New York in 1982
one of the 1st forever wild forest preserves in the nation

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11
Q

Adirondack Park has a vast wilderness area

A

6 million acres that is bigger than the combined of Yellowstone, Yosemite, glacier and grand canyon national park [YYGG]

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12
Q

It has a diverse mountain landscape, clean waterways, boreal forests and towering mountains.

A

Adirondack Park

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13
Q

effects of acid rain in Adirondack Park

A

accelerates weathering in metal and stone structures
acidification of bodies of water
mercury toxicity
leaching of soil constituents
aluminum toxicity
existence of black file

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14
Q

briefly explain the effects of acid rain: accelerates weathering in metal and stone structures

A

acid in the rain causes weathering and wear and tear on metal, stone, and other materials used in historic buildings and monuments

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15
Q

how many lakes and ponds are already acidic to support the plants and aquatic wildlife

A

500 lakes and ponds out of 2800

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16
Q

what could acid rain could contain which makes the poisonous

A

metal ions
Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn

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17
Q

briefly explain the effects of acid rain: acidification of bodies of water

A

acid rain makes the water in lakes and ponds more acidic. This kills off many plants and animals that can’t survive in acidic water, disrupting the entire ecosystem

loss of fish and wildlife: the acidic water contains high levels of toxic metals like lead and copper, which poisons and kills off fish, frogs, and other aquatic life. many species that used to be common in the lakes have disappeared

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18
Q

briefly explain the effects of acid rain: of lead and copper

A

lead - highly toxic to humans
copper - kills the beneficial bacteria that allow septic system to break down wastes and purify water systems

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19
Q

briefly explain the effects of acid rain: mercury toxicity

A

when acid rain falls, it helps release mercury release into the air then deposited into remote forested areas
once in the enviro, converted into methylmercury. it absorbed into tissue of animals and plants

(from inorganic Hg to organic Hg/ methylated mercury)

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20
Q

briefly explain the effects of acid rain: leaching of soil constituents

A

The acid rain leaches away important nutrients like calcium and magnesium from the soil, weakening and killing trees. It also makes the soil more toxic with high levels of aluminum.

declines growth rates and unexpected death of trees in Hubbard Brook Forest

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21
Q

what species at Big Moose lake has been exterminated due to acid rain
&
what animals are rarely seen

A

exterminated due to acid rain:
trophy- sized brook trout
white fish
landlock salmon
lake trout

rarely seen:
frogs
freshwater shrimp
crayfish
hooded mergansers
otters

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22
Q

briefly explain what Covewood Lodge owners Diane and C.V. “Major” Bowes was surprised about

A

water contaminated 5 times as much as lead and copper that were leached out of the inside pipes and plumbing fixtures

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23
Q

which reservoir/ lake has been found to have substantial mercury contamination

A

Cranberry lake
Stillwater reservoir

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24
Q

what is the effect of Methylated mercury

A

easily absorbed in animal tissue
may affect human organ and food chain
acid causes mercury to be released into the water, which then builds up in the bodies of fish and other animals, making them unsafe for humans to eat

25
Q

briefly explain the effects of acid rain: aluminum toxicity

A

soil drops (acidic) due to acid rain = aluminum in the soil to bcm more concentrated and soluble
directly harms and stunt growth of the plant’s critical root system = affct health and survival of tress and other plants

  • inhibits the elongation and growth of roots = stunted and brittle
  • blocks cell division process in the roots = prevemt from growing and branching properly
  • root tips bcm swollen and damaged
26
Q

briefly explain the effects of acid rain: existence of black fly

A

larvae of black files can thrive in acidic water = increase population. giving a great distress for spring outdoor activites (in the northeast and southern canada)

27
Q

in 1992, what did the US EPA did to reduce the sulfur dioxide emissions

A

created an acid rain control program designed to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 50% nationwide

28
Q

true or false:
The existing program reduces the cap to another 50% that brings the total reduction of pollution to 70% below 1990 levels.

A

false - 75%

29
Q

true or false:
Create a nitrogen oxide pollution trading program that reduces nitrogen-based air pollution by 75% below 1990 levels.

A

true

30
Q

what should be performed on a regular basis at least through the year 2020 to ensure …

A

biological surveys
chemical tests
to ennsure that the pollution cuts made in the meantime have the anticipated effect

31
Q

what should the EPA administrators should have explicit authority to order new cuts to ____ and ____ without further congressional action

A

protect human health
sensitive ecosystem

32
Q

acid rain forms when air pollutants such as ____, ____ and ____ mix with the rain to form acidic precipitation

A

sulfur dioxide
carbon dioxide
nitrogen dioxide

33
Q

it is the product of sexual reproduction in flowering plants

A

seed

34
Q

briefly explain dicotyledonous plants

A

seeds contains of a miniature plant, the embryo and two modified leaves, the cotyledons, swollen with food reserves

the embryo- tiny, immature plant tht will grow into a new plant
the cotyledons -the 2 modified leaves that r swollen with food reserves. it provide embryo with energy and nutrients to help it start growing

35
Q

testa -
micropyle -
plumule -
cotyledons -
radicle -
epicotyl -
hypocotyl -

A

testa - seed coat, encloses and protect the seed
micropyle - hole which admits water when seeds to start to germinate
plumule - embryo shoot , 2 leaves and a growing point
cotyledons - modified leaves containing food reserves
radicle - embryo root
epicotyl - section of stem abv cotyledon stalk
hypocotyl -section of stem below cotyledon stalk

36
Q

it is the growth of a plant inside its pod

A

seed germination

36
Q

what can be found in all the developed seeds

A

embryo

37
Q

what is requires for seed germination

A

water
oxygen
light
certain temp

38
Q

the germination process

A
  1. seed is shed, it is usually hard and dry, contain v. little water = dehydrated state, it is best suited to withstand drought and extreme temps - dry, dormant seed
  2. condition becomes suitable for germination, the seeds takes in water through micropyle
    tissue absorbs water and swell and testa becomes soft
    radicle grow first, pushing through the testa and entering the soil
    either the hypocotyl or the epicotyl starts to elongate = carry the plumule upwards through the soil - absorbing water
  3. elongation of the epicotyl brings the embryo out from between the cotyledons and through the soil
    leaving the cotyledons below ground - root emerges first
  4. elongation of the hypocotyl brings the cotyledons and the plumule above ground - stem starts growing
  5. the energy and raw materials required for growth come from the food (usually starch) stored in the cotyledon. - using food reserves

So in simple terms, the germination process involves the dry, dormant seed absorbing water, the root emerging first, and then the stem growing in different ways to bring the cotyledons above or leave them below the soil, using the food reserves to fuel the early growth.

39
Q

types of germination process

A

epigeal germination:
the cotyledon breaks out through the soil = elongation and rapid growth of the early part of the stem (hypocotyl)
common in beans and castor

hypogeal germination:
the cotyledon remain buried within the soil as a result of the quick sprouting of the epicotyl (part of stem of the sprouting plant just as above the cotyledon)

In simple terms, the main difference is that in epigeal germination, the cotyledons come up out of the soil, while in hypogeal germination, the cotyledons stay buried and the stem does the work of pushing up above the soil.

40
Q

requirements for seed germination: water

A

helps provide necessary hydration for the vital activities of protoplasm
provide dissolved O2 for the growing of embryo
softens the seed coats and increase the seed permeability
helps rupture the seed and converts the insoluble food into soluble form for its translocation to the embryo

41
Q

requirements for seed germination: temperature

A

optimum tem: 15-30 degree Celsius
maximum temp: 30-40 degree Celsius

the response to temp depends on a number of factor including the
species diversity
variety
growing region
quality of seed
duration of time form harvest

42
Q

requirements for seed germination: gases

A

CO2 concentrations higher than 0.03% retard germination while nitrogen gas has no influence

O2 required for germination of most species - for metabolism and is used as part of aerobic respiration till it manage to grow its own leaves

43
Q

requirements for seed germination: light

A

environmental trigger
many seeds do not germinate until sunlight falls on them

44
Q

it can be used to decide whether there is evidence of difference between the 2 populations means

A

p-value

45
Q

data and results: seed germination

A

germinated with water at pH lvl 5.6
grow at slower late with water at pH btwn 4-4.3

46
Q

data and results: plant growth

A

pH level of 4-4.3, it is limited growth or nor growth at all
pH lvl 5.6 and with neutral water, grew at same rate

47
Q

data and results: factors affecting seed germination external factors

A

poor or excess supply of water

temp below - slows down growth rate and metabolism
temp high - stops germination process

deficiency of O2 gas

48
Q

data and results: factors affecting seed germination internal factors

A

seed dormancy:
restricts water-uptake and oxygen exchange
undeveloped or immature embryo
contains plant growth regulators that inhibits seed germination

49
Q

Guide Questions: what notable observations observations did you find for those seedlings subjected to simulated acid rain and those who grew in simulated rain water?

A

simulated rain water (pH5.6):
seed germination is observed
plant growth is same with seedlings watered with water

simulated acid rain (4-4.3)
seed germination is at slow rate
plant growth is poor ir not at all

50
Q

Guide Questions: what other effects can acid rain induce to living organisms?

A

alter chemical characteristics of soil and water
increase solubility of metals such as Al
leaches heavy metal such as Zn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg = not safe for drinking
decrease conc. of metals like Ca and Mg = poor vegetation, damage rooots, slow growth and makes plats weaker and more vulnerable
corrodes metallic elements appearances
harms phytoplankton
some fish, sellfish or insects cannot tolerate acid rain = death
increase nitrogen pollution that declines fish and shellfish population
makes air hazy and difficult o see
respiratory disease

51
Q

Guide Questions: what actions shall we do to prevent the occurrence of acid rain in our region or area?

A

reduceemission of pollutant gases by industry
encourage production and use of renewable aand sustainable energy sources
promote innovation and new technologies that optimize energy and developing renewable energy

52
Q

air is composed of

A

20% oxygen
0.03% CO2
80% nitrogen gas

53
Q

where can oxygen be found

A

in the pores of the soil particles but if the seed is buried deep it will be deprived of this oxygen

54
Q

it is the most essential factor and basis for vegetative growth and development

A

water

55
Q

what is the water content of mature, air dried seeds

A

in the range of 5-15%, well below the threshold required for fully active metabolism

56
Q

what is the p-value cut off

A

0.05

57
Q

it is used to compare samples from 2 independent populations to determine the associated population means are significantly different

A

two sample t-Test

2024 SEM 2 ENV SCI (LAB) (6 decks)

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