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Phase 2a Annie Evans > Post It Notes > Flashcards

Post It Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

A group of conditions due to decreased blood flow to the coronary arteries

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2
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

When blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle

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3
Q

Ischaemic cardiac failure

A

The hearts blood supply is blocked by a build up of atheromas in the arteries

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4
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Abnormal enlargement of the right heart due to a disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels

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5
Q

Degenerative valvular heart disease

A

Over time the attachments of the valve (mainly mitral) thin out or rupture and the leaflets become floppy and redundant leading to leakage

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6
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

Cardiac inflammation and scarring triggered by an autoimmune reaction to group A strep

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7
Q

Rheumatic valvular heart disease

A

There is thickening and fibrosis of the valve resulting in stenosis or less commonly regurgitation

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8
Q

Infective endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner tissue of the heart (endocardium) such as its valves. Caused by infectious agents, usually bacteria

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9
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

A portion of the myocardium is thickened without an obvious cause, creating functional impairment of the cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

The heart muscle of the right ventricle is replaced by fat and/or fibrous tissue. It is dilated and contracts poorly

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11
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

The heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump flood efficiently

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12
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

The heart walls are rigid and the heart is restricted from stretching and filling with blood properly

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13
Q

Aortic valve stenosis

A

A valve that doesn’t open and close properly and may also leak blood. The blood may get trapped so ventricular pressure increases and causes damage

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14
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

A hole in the atrial septum. This allows oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

A narrowing of the aorta. Can cause high blood pressure or heart damage

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16
Q

Complete atrioventricular canal defect

A

A hole in the centre of the heart. This allows blood to mix so it is not properly routed to each system

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17
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

An unclosed hole in the aorta. This allows the blood to skip the circulation to the lungs so the blood doesn’t get oxygenated

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18
Q

Pulmonary valve stenosis

A

A thickened or fused heart valve that doesn’t fully open

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19
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

A heart defect that has four problems a ventricular septal defect, a hypertrophic right ventricle, pulmonary stenosis and an overarching aorta

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20
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

When a person has one large artery instead of two separate ones to carry blood to the lungs and the body

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21
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium. It can be serous, purulent, fibrinous, caseous or haemorrhagic

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22
Q

Primary hypertension

A

Hypertension that has no identifiable cause, 95% of cases

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23
Q

Renal hypertension

A

Renal artery stenosis occurs, when the kidneys receive low blood flow they increase flood pressure via the RAAS so this causes hypertension

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24
Q

Pheochromocytoma hypertension

A

Pheochromocytoma is a tumour in the centre of the adrenal glands. It causes the release of hormones causing persistent hypertension

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25
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

Excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal gland, resulting in low renin levels, causing high blood pressure

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26
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

An abnormal heart rhythm characterised by rapid and irregular beating. Hypertension and valvular heart disease are the main causes.

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27
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

The production of excessive cortisol by the adrenal glands. This can cause secondary hypertension.

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28
Q

Atrial flutter

A

When it first occurs it is associated with tachycardia. It is not a stable rhythm and frequently degenerates into AF

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29
Q

Heart block

A

The electrical pulses are disrupted, causing the heart to beat more slowly

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30
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

A sinus rhythm with an elevated rate of impulses. A rate greater than 100 bpm in an average adult

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31
Q

Supraventricular tachycardia

A

A rapid heart rhythm originating at or above the AV node, arising from improper electrical activity of the heart

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32
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

A rapid heart beat that arises from improper electrical activity. A rapid heart rhythm that starts at the ventricles

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33
Q

Ventricular ectopics

A

An ectopic rhythm is an irregular heart rhythm due to a premature heartbeat. This is a premature ventricular contraction.

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34
Q

Lupus

A

An autoimmune disease that affects your whole body. It can cause pericarditis, cardiac arrhythmia , endocarditis and CAD

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35
Q

Long QT syndrome

A

A rare inherited condition in which delayed repolarisation of the heart following a heart beat occurs

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36
Q

Wolff-parkinson-White syndrome

A

An accessory electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles stimulates the ventricles to contract prematurely, resulting in supraventricular tachycardia

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37
Q

Aortic aneurysm

A

An enlargement/dilation of the aorta is greater than 1.5 times normal size.

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38
Q

Aortic dissection

A

A tear in the tunics intima of the aorta causes blood to flow between the layers of the wall of the aorta, forcing the layers apart

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39
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

Narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or than brain. Commonly affects the leg, causing classification

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40
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

An extreme form of an allergic reaction. The immune system reacts inappropriately in response to substance it perceives as a threat

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41
Q

Haemorrhagic shock

A

When you lose more than 1/5th of your blood. It makes it impossible for the heart to pump sufficient amount of blood around the body

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42
Q

Septic shock

A

When sepsis leads to a dangerously low blood pressure

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43
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

An inadequate circulation of blood due to primary failure of the ventricles of the heart to function effectively

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44
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

A distributive type of shock resulting in low blood pressure that is attributed to the distribution of the autonomic pathways within the spinal cord

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45
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. A type of COPD. Lots of mucus is produced. It never fully goes away

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46
Q

Emphysema

A

A long-term progressive disease due to over-inflation of the alveoli. The lung tissue involved in gas exchange is destroyed. A type of COPD.

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47
Q

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

Genetic disease. Not enough AAT to control lung enzymes. It would normally protect against proteases that destroy alveolar walls, but can’t

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48
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible, airflow obstruction and bronchospasm

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49
Q

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis/hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

Inflammation of the alveoli caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dusts

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50
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Permanent enlargement of parts of the airways. Breakdown of the airways due to an excessive inflammatory response

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51
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

An inherited disease caused by a faulty gene. This gene controls the movement of salt and water, the lungs become clogged with mucus making it hard to breath

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52
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

A disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells (granuloma) that can form as nodules in multiple organs. Caused by a continuous immune response to an infection.

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53
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

An increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, veins or capillaries. Can lead to dyspnoea, fainting, leg swelling

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54
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

Scarring of lung tissue, involving the interstitium (tissue between the alveoli). The cause is unknown. Fibrosis has a poor prognosis.

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55
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity. It can impair breathing by limiting expansion of the lungs

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56
Q

Pneumothorax

A

An abnormal collection of air or gas into the pleural space that causes an uncoupling of the lung and the chest wall

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57
Q

Small cell lung cancer

A

A highly malignant cancer. Has a short doubling time, higher growth fraction and early development of metastases

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58
Q

Non small cell cancer

A

85% of all lung cancers. Insensitive to chemotherapy. Any epithelial lung cancer that isn’t small cell cancer.

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59
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

A rare autoimmune disease in which the antibodies attack the basement membrane in the lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure

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60
Q

Mesothelioma

A

A rare form of cancer of mesothelium, the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium)

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61
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

A blockage of the lung arteries from somewhere else. Results in increased right ventricular pressure because of back flow from the lungs

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62
Q

Wegener’s granulomatosis

A

A form of vasculitis. An autoimmune attack by an abnormal type of circulating antibodies against small and medium sized blood vessels

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63
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections

A

An acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract

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64
Q

Pneumonia

A

An inflammatory condition primarily affecting the alveoli. Frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that makes it into he lower respiratory tract

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65
Q

Tuberculosis

A

An infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis can by latent or active. Causes caseous granuloma

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66
Q

Bowel obstruction

A

Either the small or large intestine is partly or completely blocked, preventing food, fluids and gas from moving through the intestines

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67
Q

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction

A

Severe impairment in ability of the intestines to push through. It presents similarly to an intestinal obstruction without any blockage

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68
Q

Ischaemic colitis

A

Inflammation and injury of the large intestine resulting from inadequate blood supply

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69
Q

Mesenteric ischaemia

A

Injury to the small intestine due to not enough blood supply

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70
Q

Haemorrhoids

A

Vascular structures in the anal canal become swollen or inflamed, they can be internal or external

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71
Q

Anal fistula

A

An abnormal connection between the anal canal and the skin of the bottom. It can appear as a hole in the skin of the anus

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72
Q

Anal fissure

A

A break or tear in the skin of the anal canal. They can be superficial or deep

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73
Q

Perianal abscess

A

An abscess adjacent to the anus, it arises from an infection at one of the anal sinuses which leads to inflammation and abscess formation

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74
Q

Pilonodal/sinus abscess

A

A cyst or abscess near or on the natal cleft of the buttock that often contains hair and skin debris

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75
Q

GORD

A

A chronic condition of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the oesophagus caused by the changes in the junction between the two.

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76
Q

Mallory-Weiss tear

A

Bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at the junction between the oesophagus and the stomach

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77
Q

Gastric varices

A

Dilated submucosal veins in the stomach

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78
Q

Oesophageal varices

A

Dilated submucosal veins in the lower 1/3rd of the oesophagus

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79
Q

Achalasia

A

A failure of smooth muscle fibres to relax, which can cause the sphincter to remain closed and fail to open when needed to

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80
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

A break in the lining of the stomach

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81
Q

Coeliac disease

A

An autoimmune disorder of the small intestine causes villous atrophy

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82
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach. Necrosis due to the damage to the mucosal defences, the body makes antibodies that destroy the stomach

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83
Q

Tropical sprue

A

A malabsorption disease common in the tropics. Abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine

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84
Q

Scleroderma

A

A chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterised by hardening of the skin and in the most severe diseases organs as well

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85
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

The immune system attacks the GI tract, can affect the whole GI tract. A form of IBD

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86
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

A form of IBD that causes inflammation and ulcers in the colon, treated as an autoimmune disease

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87
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Having diverticula in the colon, which are out-pocketing of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weakness of the muscle layers in the colon wall

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88
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of one of the diverticula in diverticulosis

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89
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix. It is caused by a blockage of the hollow part of the appendix

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90
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

A sudden inflammation of the pancreas. There is abnormal activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreas

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91
Q

Chronic pancreatitis

A

A long standing inflammation of the pancreas that alters the organs normal structure and functions

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92
Q

Biliary colic

A

A type of pain related to the gallbladder when a gallstone transiently obstructs the cystic duct and the gall bladder contracts

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93
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder occurs most commonly due to blockage of the cystic duct with gallstones, the bile and pressure causes inflammation of the gall bladder

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94
Q

Bile duct stones

A

A stone may be lodged in the bile duct due to the size of the stone or the anatomy of the biliary tree

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95
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply to the heart is restricted

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96
Q

Cirrhosis

A

A condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long term damage

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97
Q

Portal hypertension

A

High blood pressure in the hepatic portal system. There are pre-hepatic, intrahepatic and post-hepatic causes

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98
Q

(Ascending) Cholangitis

A

An infection of the bile duct. Usually tends to occur if stones are present

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99
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis

A

An autoimmune disease of the liver, slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts in the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis

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100
Q

Alcoholic liver disease

A

A term that encompasses liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption. Including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis

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101
Q

Fatty liver

A

A disorder in which hepatocytes contain macrovesicular droplets of triglycerides

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102
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis

A

In addition to steatosis, there are ballooned hepatocytes flag often contain Mallory bodies surrounded by neutrophils

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103
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis

A

Destruction of liver architecture and fibrosis with regenerating nodules producing micronodular cirrhosis

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104
Q

Haemochromatosis

A

A hereditary disease characterised by excessive intestinal absorption of dietary iron resulting in iron accumulation in tissues and organs, disrupting function

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105
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

An autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which copper accumulates in tissues, causing neurological and psychological symptoms, along with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis

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106
Q

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

A1AT protects the lungs from neutrophil elastase. It is not properly secreted so accumulated in the liver and causes cirrhosis

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107
Q

Liver failure

A

The inability of the liver to perform the normal synthetic and metabolic function.

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108
Q

Ascites

A

An accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, mostly caused by sever liver disease or cancer

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109
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum. It can be localised or generalised and may result from infection or non-infectious causes

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110
Q

Volvulus

A

A subtype of malrotation in which a loop of bowel is twisted about a focal point along the mesentery attached to the intestinal tract, may result in bowel obstruction

111
Q

Oesophageal cancer

A

Cancer arising from the oesophagus. The main types are oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma or oesophageal adenocarcinoma

112
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Cancer developing in the lining of the stomach. The most common cause is H. pylori

113
Q

Small intestine cancer

A

Relatively rare. Can be subdivided by location and cell type

114
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

Development of cancer in the colon or recrum

115
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

A protrusion of abdominal cavity contents through the inguinal canal. The main concern is strangulation

116
Q

Femoral hernia

A

The protrusion of the intraabdominal organs just below the inguinal ligament through the femoral canal. They can be reducible, irreducible, obstructed or strangulated

117
Q

Incisional hernia

A

A type of hernia caused by an incompletely healed surgical wound. Caused by a weakness of the surgical wounds

118
Q

Hiatus hernia

A

The protrusion of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through the oesophageal hiatus because of a tear or weakness in the diaphragm

119
Q

Liver abscess

A

A pus-filled mass in the liver. Common causes are abdominal infections spread through the portal vein

120
Q

Gastroenteritis/infective diarrhoea

A

Inflammation of the GI tract that involves the stomach and small intestine

121
Q

Renal colic

A

A type of abdominal pain caused by kidney stones. Begins in the abdomen and radiates to the hypochondrium or groin

122
Q

Acute kidney injury

A

An abrupt loss of kidney function that develops in 7 days

123
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

A collection of signs associated with glomerular disorders. Characterised by having a thin glomerular basement membrane and small pores in the podocytes large enough for proteins and red blood cells to pass into the urine

124
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

A nonspecific kidney disorder characterised by large proteinuria, hypoalbuminia and oedema

125
Q

Minimal change disease

A

A disease of the kidney that causes nephrotic syndrome and usually affects children. There is podocyte effacement, vacuolation and growth of microvili on the visceral epithelial cells

126
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A

Progressive loss of kidney function over a period of months or years, must be over 3 months. Low GFR and high creatinine

127
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

A genetic disorder in which abnormal cysts develop and grow in the kidneys, interferes with calcium channels.

128
Q

Edididymal cyst

A

A fluid-filled sac which grows at the top end of the testicle

129
Q

Hydrocoele

A

An accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity. A hydrocoele testis is the accumulation of fluids around a testicle

130
Q

Varicocoele

A

An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum

131
Q

Testicular torsion

A

When the spermatic cord twists, cutting off the testicles blood supply, causing ischaemia. Rapid onset of testicular pain

132
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

A benign increase in the size of the prostate. Involves hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in a large, fairly discrete nodules in the transition zone of the prostate

133
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney tissue, calyces and renal pelvis. Commonly caused by UTIs. Affects the upper urinary tract

134
Q

Cystitis/UTIs

A

An infection that affects the lower part of the urinary tract. The most common cause is E.coli

135
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland. It can be acute, chronic, asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome

136
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra. Usually caused by a bacterial infection, often an STI

137
Q

Epididymo orchitis

A

An inflammation of the epididymis and/or testis. It is usually due to infection, most commonly a UTI or STI

138
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

The autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The lack of insulin leads to increased blood and urine glucose

139
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

A long term metabolic disorder characterised by high blood sugar, insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin

140
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

A metabolic state associated with a high concentration of ketone bodies. The liver breaks down fat and proteins in response to a perceived need for respiratory substrate

141
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

A

A complication of diabetes in which high blood sugar causes sever dehydration, increases osmolarity and a high risk of come and death

142
Q

Graves’ disease

A

An autoimmune disease they affects the thyroid. Often results in enlarged thyroid. Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin causes excess thyroid hormone production

143
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroidosis

A

An autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell and antibody mediated immune processes, causing primary hypothyroidism

144
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

The thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone. Not enough iodine or thyroid stimulating hormone can cause it

145
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Originating in the follicular or parafollicular thyroid cells

146
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

A collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol. These include high bp, reddish stretch marks, a round red face, weak muscles and bones, acne

147
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Increased secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

148
Q

Acromegaly

A

An extremely rare syndrome that results when the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty

149
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

Excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal gland resulting in low renin levels

150
Q

Addison’s disease

A

A rare, chronic endocrine system disorder in which the adrenal glands don’t produce enough steroid hormones, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid

151
Q

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

Adrenal insufficiency caused when the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland does not make enough ACTH (pituitary) or CRH (hypothalamus)

152
Q

Central diabetes insipidus

A

Due to a lack of vasopressin production in the brain, causes increased urine production and volume of blood depletion

153
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

A form of diabetes insipidus primarily due to pathology of the kidney. Improper response of the kidney to ADH, leading to a decrease in the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine by removing the free water

154
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

A

Characterised by excessive release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland. The hypervolumia often results in dilution all hyponatraemia. Excess of water rather than deficit of sodium

155
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Usually caused by a tumour within the parathyroid gland. Causes an elevated calcium level.

156
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcaemia and associated hyperplasia of the glands

157
Q

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

A state of excessive PTH secretion after a long period of secondary hyperparathyroidism and resulting in a high blood calcium level

158
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Decreased function of the parathyroid gland with underproduction of PTH. Low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching muscles

159
Q

Hypercalcaemia of malignancy

A

Hypercalcaemia is relatively common in patients with cancer. If the cancer spreads to the bone calcium is released

160
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

Low serum calcium levels in the blood. Hypoparathyroidism is a common cause

161
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

Kidney failure is one cause because renal elimination cannot take place. It is high potassium levels. During extreme exercise potassium is released from the active muscle and the potassium level rises

162
Q

Hypokalaemia

A

Low blood potassium levels. Inadequate potassium intake in anorexics. Can be lost in urine. Diarrhoea, excessive sweating and muscle crush injury all cause excessive loss of potassium

163
Q

Carcinoid

A

A slow growing type of neuroendocrine tumours originating in the cells of the neuroendocrine system

164
Q

Amaurosis fugax

A

A painless transient monocular visual loss. Usually lasts a few seconds but may last up to a few hours. Most common cause is an emboli and ischaemia

165
Q

Ischaemic cerebrovascular accident/stroke

A

The most common type of stroke. A blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain

166
Q

Haemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident

A

Arise from bleeding within the brain parenchyma or intraventricular spaces. The haemotoma compresses the tissue and causes injury.

167
Q

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space. It is a form of stroke. Usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm

168
Q

Subdural haemorrhage

A

Blood gathers between the dura mater and the brain. This may cause increased intracranial pressure, which can compress and damage brain tissue

169
Q

Epilepsy

A

A group of neurological diseases characterised by epileptic seizures. They tend to recur and have no immediate underlying cause

170
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A degenerative disorder of the CNS mainly affecting the motor system. Results from the death of dopamine generating cells in the substantia nigra

171
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle contraction and leads to mental decline and behavioural symptoms. The abnormal involuntary writhing are called chorea

172
Q

Tension headache

A

The most common type of primary headache. May be caused by muscle tension around the head and neck. Typically affect both sides of the head. The pain can radiate from the lower back of the head, the neck, the eyes etc.

173
Q

Migraine

A

A primary headache disorder characterised by recurrent headaches that are moderate and sever. Typically affects one half of the head, pulsating in nature and lasts from 2-72 hours

174
Q

Cluster headache

A

A neurological disorder characterised by recurrent, sever headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye. It is a trigeminal autonomic cephalgy

175
Q

Giant cell arteritis/ Horton disease

A

Inflammation of the large and medium arteries of the head, predominantly in the branches of the external carotid artery

176
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

A neuropathic chronic pain disorder affected by the trigeminal nerve. Caused by demyelination of the sensory fibres within the trigeminal nerve itself. Episodes of sudden, explosive sever pain along the trigeminal nerve

177
Q

Spinal cord compression

A

When the spinal cord is compressed by bone fragments from a vertebral injury, a tumour, abscess or other lesions.

178
Q

Cauda equina syndrome

A

A serious neurological condition in which damage to the cauda equina causes loss of function of the lumbar plexus

179
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

A demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. Can be isolated attacks or progressive forms

180
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

A neuromuscular disease that leads to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. Caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic muscular junctions, inhibiting the excitably effects of ACh

181
Q

Motor neuron disease

A

Any of five neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons. They are neurodegenerative and cause increasing disability and eventually death

182
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

A rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system

183
Q

Peripheral neuropathies

A

Damage to disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function depending on the nerve affected

184
Q

Spinal nerve root lesions

A

Damage to nerve roots can cause paresis and paralysis of the muscle innervated by the affected spinal nerve

185
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

The median nerve is compressed as it travels through the carpal tunnel and causes pain, numbness and tingling in the part of the hand that receives sensation from the median nerve

186
Q

Primary brain tumours

A

Start within the brain. Produce symptoms that very depending on the part of the brain involved

187
Q

Secondary brain tumours

A

More common than primary brain tumours. They are metastatic brain tumours. About half come from lung cancer

188
Q

Meningitis

A

Acute inflammation of the meninges. Usually caused by infection. A septic meningitis refers to a case without infection

189
Q

Encephalitis

A

Acute inflammation of the brain symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, drowsiness and fatigue

190
Q

Herpes zoster/shingles

A

A viral disease characterised by a painful skin rash with blisters involving limited area. Typically the rash occurs on either the left or right of the body of face in a single strip

191
Q

Iron-deficiency anaemia/microcytic anaemia

A

Anaemia due to not enough iron. It is caused by insufficient dietary intake and absorption of iron or loss from bleeding

192
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

Can develop by loss of gastric parietal cells, which secrete intrinsic factor. Anaemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency.

193
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Low level of folic acid (vitamin B9) in the body. Folic acid is used in DNA synthesis. Can cause macrocytic anaemia

194
Q

Normocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia with a normal mean corpuscular volume but the haemocrit and haemoglobin is decreased. Caused by decreased production, production of HbS, increased Hb destruction

195
Q

Haemolytic anaemia

A

A form of anaemia due to haemolysis. The abnormal breakdown of RBCs, either intravascular or extravascular

196
Q

Bone marrow failure

A

Individuals who produce an insufficient amount of RBCs, WBCs or platelets. Can be acquired or inherited

197
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

A hereditary blood disorder caused by an abnormality in haemoglobin. The cells are abnormal, rigid, sickle-shape. They cause occlusion and ischaemia in narrow capillaries.

198
Q

Thalassaemia

A

An inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder characterised by the abnormal formation of haemoglobin. It results in improper oxygen transport and destruction of RBC.

199
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

An X-linked recessive genetic condition that predisposes to haemolysis and resultant jaundice in response to a number of triggers

200
Q

Polycythaemia

A

A disease state in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by RBC increases. A haematocrit of over 65%. It can be an increase in RBC or a decrease in plasma

201
Q

Drop vein thrombosis

A

The formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, predominantly in the leg.

202
Q

Thromboembolism

A

The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

203
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Widespread activation of the clotting cascade that results in the formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels throughout the body. This can lead to multiple organ damage

204
Q

Immune thrombocytopaenic purpura

A

Isolated low platelet count with normal bone marrow and the absence of other causes of thrombocytopaenia. It causes a characteristic purpuric rash and an increased tendency to bleed

205
Q

Thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura

A

A rare disorder of the blood coagulation system causing extensive microscopic clots to form in small blood vessels of the body. Caused by a lack of vWF cleaver. The increase in circulating vWF multimers increases platelet adhesion

206
Q

Leukaemia

A

A group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal WBCs. ALL, AML, CLL, CML

207
Q

Lymphoma

A

A group of blood cell tumours that develop from lymphatic cells. Either Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s. 90% are non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

208
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

A cancer of plasma cells. Collections of abnormal plasma cells accumulate in the blood marrow where they interfere with the production of normal blood cells.

209
Q

Malaria

A

A mosquito bourne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the plasmodium type

210
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.

211
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

A long-lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results is warm, swollen and painful joints. Causes inflammation and thickening of joint capsules

212
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A disease where decreased bone strength increases the risk of a broken bone. It can either be decreased bone production or increased bone destruction

213
Q

Systemic lupus erythrmatosus

A

A systemic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy tissue. It affects many internal organs. The course of the disease is unpredictable.

214
Q

Antiphospholipid syndrome

A

An autoimmune hypercoaguable state caused by antiphospholipid antibodies. It provokes blood clots in both arteries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications

215
Q

Sjögren’s syndrome

A

A chronic autoimmune disease in which the body’s WBCs destroy the exocrine glands and specifically the salivary and lacrimal glands. The inflammatory process eventually severely damages and destroys them

216
Q

Systemic sclerosis

A

An autoimmune or connective tissue disease. A thickening of the skin caused by accumulation of collagen, and by injuries to the small arteries. It can be limited or diffuse

217
Q

CREST syndrome

A

The limited cutaneous form of system is sclerosis is a multi-system connective tissue disorder. The five main features are calcinosis, Raynauds, oEsophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia

218
Q

Polymyositis

A

Chronic inflammation of the muscles related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis

219
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

Excessively reduced blood flow in response to cold or emotional stress, causing discolouration of the fingers, toes and occasionally other areas

220
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

A chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the axial skeleton. Mainly affects joints in the spine and the sacroiliac joint in the pelvis

221
Q

Psoriatic arthritis

A

A type of inflammatory arthritis that 30% of psoriasis sufferers will get.

222
Q

Reactive arthritis

A

An autoimmune condition that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body

223
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

A syndrome with pain or stiffness, usually in the neck, shoulders, upper arms and hips. It may be caused by an inflammatory condition of blood vessels such as temporal arteritis

224
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa

A

A systemic vasculitis of small or medium sized muscular arteries, typically involved renal and visceral vessels, but sparing the pulmonary circulation.

225
Q

Gout

A

Recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis. A red, tender, hit and swollen joint. Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. The uric acid crystallised and an attack of gout occurs

226
Q

Pseudo gout

A

A form of arthritis. It results from the abnormal formation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the cartilage, which get released into the joint fluid. This can cause a sudden attack of arthritis, similar to gout

227
Q

Paget’s disease of bone

A

A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones. It is caused by the excessive breakdown and formation of bone, followed by disorganised bone remodelling

228
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic widespread pain and heightened and painful response to pressure. It’s described as a central sensitisation syndrome caused by biological abnormalities in the nervous system which act to produce pain and cognitive impairments

229
Q

Septic arthritis

A

The purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent, which produces arthritis. Medical emergency. Most common is staph aureus and strep

230
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection and inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. It can usually subclassified on the basis of the causative organism and the route, duration and an atomic location of the infection

231
Q

Acne

A

A long term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with dead skin cells and oils from the skin. Acne is characterised by areas of blackheads, whiteheads, pimples and greasy skin

232
Q

Dermatitis/eczema

A

Inflammation of the skin. Eczema is broadily applied to a range of chronic persistent skin conditions. Symptoms include redness, skin swelling, itching and dryness, crusting, flaking and blistering

233
Q

Psoriasis

A

A chronic autoimmune disease characterised by patches of abnormal skin. These skin patches are typically red, itchy and scaley

234
Q

Venous ulcer

A

Wounds that occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs, mainly along the medial, distal leg. The pressure in veins increase, the pressure difference is smaller so it doesn’t pump as well

235
Q

Arterial ulcer

A

Mostly located on the lateral surface of the ankle or the distal digit.

236
Q

Diabetic ulcer

A

Diabetes disturbs the wound healing process, it causes a prolonged inflammatory phase and a reduction in would tensile strength. It is also neuropathic, you can’t feel it rubbing so you don’t do anything about it

237
Q

Traumatic ulcers

A

Due to damage caused by biting the cheek or tongue or by sharp teeth, brushing or poorly fitting dentures

238
Q

Vasculitis ulcer

A

Caused by rheumatoid arthritis or systemic vasculitis. Typically deep, well demarcated and punched out on the dorsum of the fact or calf, similar to venous ulcers

239
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Begins as a small nodule and as it enlarges the centre becomes necrotic and sloughs and becomes and ulcer

240
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

The most common malignant skin tumour, with a low metastatic rate. It can be superficial, infiltrative and nodular

241
Q

Melanoma

A

A malignant cancer that develops from melanocytes

242
Q

Cellulitis

A

A bacterial infection involving the layers of the skin, specifically the dermis and subcutaneous fat

243
Q

Necrotising fasciitis

A

A rare infection of the deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, easily spreading across the fascial plane within the subcutaneous tissue. Necrosis with relative soaring of underling muscle

244
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

A spectrum of conditions caused by infection with HIV. Interferes with the immune system, increasing the risk of opportunistic infections

245
Q

Amyloidosis

A

A rare disease that results from the build up of misfolded proteins (amyloids). When proteins that are normally dissolvable in water fold to become amyloids, they become insoluble and disrupt organ function

246
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

In the breast, benign tumours characterised by a mixture of stromal and epithelial tissue. Different to breast cancer. Easy to move with clearly defined edges

247
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease

A

A non-cancerous breast lump, which can sometimes cause discomfort, often periodically related to hormonal influences from the menstrual cycle

248
Q

Intraductal papilloma

A

Benign lesions of the breast. The central type develops near the nipple, they are usually solitary and near menopause. The peripheral type are often multiple pail lomas arising at the periphery in younger women

249
Q

Breast cancer

A

Cancer that develops from breast tissue. BRCA gene means a genetic disposition. There are ductal and lobar carcinomas

250
Q

Lymphoedema

A

The chronic swelling of one or more body parts, most commonly an arm or leg. If the lymph system fails to drain away from the lymph fluid from the tissues effectively

251
Q

Sarcoma

A

A cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin, including cancellous bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular or haematopoietic tissue

252
Q

Types of IHD

A

Angina, ACS, MI

253
Q

Types of cardiac failure

A

Ischaemic, valvular, myopathic, hypertensive, cor pulmonale

254
Q

Secondary causes of hypertension

A

Renal disease, Phaeochromocytoma, renal artery stenosis, Conn’s syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome

255
Q

Types of cardiac arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, heart block, sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular ectopics, ventricular tachycardia, prolonged QT syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

256
Q

Types of shock

A

Haemorrhagic, anaphylactic, septic, cardiogenic, neurogenic

257
Q

Diseases involved in COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

258
Q

Types of interstitial lung diseases

A

Sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,

259
Q

Oesophageal motility disorder examples

A

Achlasia, scleroderma

260
Q

Types of intestinal obstruction

A

Small bowel obstruction, large bowel obstruction, pseudo-obstruction

261
Q

Types of perianal disorders

A

Haemorrhoids, fistulae, fissure-in-ano, perianal abscess

262
Q

Biliary tract diseases

A

Biliary colic, bile duct stones, ascending cholangitis

263
Q

Metabolic causes of liver disease

A

Haemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

264
Q

Causes of ascites

A

Liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, malignancy

265
Q

Types of hernia

A

Inguinal, femoral, incisional, hiatus

266
Q

Glomerular diseases

A

Nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, minimal change disease

267
Q

Complications caused by diabetes

A

Ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

268
Q

Thyroid disorders

A

Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, thyroid malignancies

269
Q

Types of anaemia

A

Iron deficiency, pernicious, folate deficiency, normocytic, haemolytic, sickle cell, Thalassaemia

270
Q

Autoimmune rheumatological syndromes

A

SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis

271
Q

Types of seronegative spondyloarthropathies

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis

272
Q

Types of skin ulceration

A

Venous, arterial, neuropathic, infective, traumatic, vasculitic

273
Q

Types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

274
Q

Diseases of the breast

A

Fibroadenoma, cystic disease, intraductal papilloma, breast cancer

Phase 2a Annie Evans (6 decks)

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