Post-Industrial Britain Flashcards
What are the characteristics of Post Industrial Britain?
Regional / national / international
Codified
Respectable
Regular
Exclusive / elitist
Urban / suburban
Control of gambling
Amateurism / Professionalism
Fair play
Purpose - built facilities
What is Rational Recreation?
Improved transport
Business and administration skills
Middle class influence
Increased free time
Social class and gender discrimination
The “Revolutions”
Increased law and order
Class structure / spectatorsism
Public school influence
Technological advancement
Cricket
1744 original rules produced.
Marylebone Cricket Club 1809
- introduced “the laws of the Noble Game of Cricket”
1840’s saw the introduction of touring sides, such as William Clark XI (1847). These teams travelled for many seasons generating large crowds.
The breakaway United XI were a second well-known touring team
- created by Clarke professionals who thought / felt they weren’t paid enough.
1861 was the first English touring team travel to Australia.
1870’s was the introduction to county cricket, which replaced touring elevens.
Rugby
1863 football and rugby were games that coexisted together.
rugby football had increasing need for professional players. Broken time payment was introduced
- men could be compensated for missing work in order to play.
Southern clubs didn’t like the concept of being plaid to play
- they excluded manual workers who needed time off to train and travel
- restricted the game to gentlemen amateurs only for the next 100 years.
1895 rugby split into two codes as of the tensions between the north and south rivalries
- known as the rugby league and rugby union
Football
> 1863 the FA was formed
- it was created by ex-pupil school boys from Oxford and Cambridge university
it generated regular large crowds of spectators
1870 saw the first international match against England and Scotland
- by 1885 all the home countries were playing eachother
1888 the Football League was created and the FA accepted professionalism
broken time payment
1904 saw the introduction of International Football Federation (FIFA)
1906 saw professional football become the major form of male entertainment in Britain
Tennis
The middle class created their own game
- they created lawn tennis.
Walter Compton Wingfield in 1874. He sold the game in a painted box containing poles, pegs and nets to form a rectangular court instead of an hour glass court.
1877 the All England Croquet Club introduced lawn tennis at Wimbledon.
It was deemed a very social game, a way of hosting social gatherings.
Could be played by men and women.
For the lower-middle class who’s gardens were too small participated at private clubs.
The working class were excluded from tennis, they had to wait for public provision to be made available in parks.
How did the industrial revolution affect working class participation in sport in post 1850 Britain?
Urbanisation - it reduced space to play sport
Hours - 72 hour week left little time to participate in sport
Health - poor hygiene / disease / injury limited participation
Income - low wages meant lack of disposable income to participate
Saturday Half Day - it increased opportunity for participation
Factory Owners - they set up teams to increase participation
Reduced Hours - 56 hour week increases time and energy to participate
Middle Class - emergence of middle class gave them increased wealth to participate in greater range of sport
Seaside Excursions - these increased participation in swimming / bathing
How did social & cultural changes influenced the sports being played?
Migration / Urbanisation - British society moved from rural to urban
Space - less space in towns and cities
- mob football / mob games required a lot of ground
Time - no time to play, most worked in factories, long days, 6 days per week
Energy - no energy to play because of long working days
Wakes / Fairs - factory owners were unwilling to give wakes and fairs day off
Reliable Workforce - factory owners discouraged mob games as they led to injury and time off work
Rivalries - traditional rivalries disappeared due to population migration
How did sport increase in participation?
Shorter working hours / more free time from half days weds or sat
Increased Income - wages increased / working classes had more disposable income / broken time payments
Public Holidays - bank holidays introduced
New Facilities - facilities built, parks, public baths
Improved Transport - railways gave access to seaside and countryside / improved roads good for cycling
Better Education - working class now educated / could understand more complex rules
Middle Class Influence - middle class employers encouraged excursions
Health - improved health and energy levels
What were women in post - industrial Britain like?
Dress - women could cycle in modest dress
Uncompetitive - competitive sport was seen as unfeminine
Moderate - not too serious / violent / dangerous to health
“Lady Like” - cycling could be done in a ‘feminine’ way
How did the formations of National Governing Bodies happen through social & cultural influences?
Law and Order - society becoming more civilized so rules were required
Transport - people could now travel to play so common rules important
Social Class 1 - middle class sought to improve health and well being of working class through organized sport
Social Class 2 - advent of professional sport so rules were needed to make sport fair
Education - improved education meant written rules were appropriate and accessible
Time / Working Conditions - better conditions and shorter hours meant that more people were able to play sport so more organization was necessary
