Post Industrial Britain

Question 1

What is the time period of this era?

Answer 1

1850-1900

Question 2

What are the background notes of this era?

Answer 2

Industrial rev-1760 to 1840
Automated machines invented 
New machines-grew towns/cities 
People went to towns for jobs 
Urbanisation-space at a premium-overcrowding 
No.of factories increased 
No.of coalfields increased 
Improved transport-improved entrepreneurial attitude

Question 3

What were the characteristics of the social classes (amateurism+professionalism) at this time?

Answer 3

Upper and lower classes still existed

Industrialisation led to rise of middle class

Question 4

How were sport and pastimes shaped by social class (amateurism+professionalism)?
Examples?

Answer 4

Middle class becoming wealthier
Middle+upper-enjoyment of sport
Upper class-country sports
Eg.hunting, shooting, fishing
Middle class-respectable sports
Eg.golf, skiing, cricket, association football/rugby
Working class-limited leisure time-long working hours
Amateurism-associated with upper+middle class
Professionalism-associated with working class

Question 5

What were the characteristics of the middle class at this time?

Answer 5

Less sport played during fairs-middle class factory owners unwilling to give workers days off 
Reliable workforce-middle class factory owners discouraged mob games-led to injury and time off
Middle class factory owners-sometimes funded work trips/teams to keep them fit and healthy

Question 6

What were the characteristics of gender (changing status of women) at this time?

Answer 6

Society still male dominated but less so

Question 7

How were sport and pastimes shaped by gender?

Examples?

Answer 7

Middle class women-restricted by Victorian ethics-dictated their behaviour-still had to be ladylike 
Eg.lawn tennis gave some freedom to be athletic 
Working class women-little opportunity to participate

Question 8

What were the characteristics of law and order at this time?

Answer 8

Society becoming more civilised

Police force-established 1829 London

Question 9

How were sport and pastimes shaped by law and order?

Examples?

Answer 9

Violence less tolerated-arrests made for unruly behaviour
Sport more controlled-less wagering
Lower class blood sports banned
Eg.cock fighting
Upper class blood sports (some) still enjoyed
Eg.fox hunting

Question 10

What were the characteristics of education/literacy at this time?

Answer 10

1870 Education Act-greater level of literacy

Question 11

How were sport and pastimes shaped by education/literacy?

Examples?

Answer 11

Working class kids-uneducated
Increased education-complex sports with complex rules enjoyed
Rise of sporting press-more could read/enjoy it
Education contributed to civilising process-reason for demise of simple brutal sports like mob football

Question 12

What were the characteristics of availability of time (changing working conditions) at this time?

Answer 12

Saturday-half day
Long working week
Less holiday/festival days
Many factory acts-improved working conditions-civilising process

Question 13

How were sport and pastimes shaped by availability of time?

Examples?

Answer 13

Long working week-working class had little time/energy to take part in sport
Upper class-still had lots of time
Middle class-long hours but less manual work than lower class-more energy

Question 14

What were the characteristics of availability of money at this time?

Answer 14

Still wealth division
Upper+middle classes-disposable income
Working class-poorer-more disposable income than pre-industrial

Question 15

How were sport and pastimes shaped by availability of money?

Examples?

Answer 15

Working class-afford limited leisure
Eg.pay gate money to watch local football team
Middle class-afford more equipment
Eg.tennis rackets
Upper class-could afford participation in country sports
Eg.hunting

Question 16

What were the characteristics of type and availability of transport at this time?

Answer 16

Huge development of railway network

Very influential factor of this era

Question 17

How were sport and pastimes shaped by type and availability of transport?
Examples?

Answer 17

Railways:
Teams-travel further afield to play
Spectators-travel to watch
Codification needed
League, cups and competitions established
Regional, national and international competitions possible

Question 18

What are the background notes of influence of public schools in this era?

Answer 18

Before industrial rev-system was based on class 
Freedom in schools-disregard for authority, riots and bullying of younger boys (fagging system)
Thomas Arnold-famous Headmaster of Rugby School-reformed system-saw sport as being beneficial in controlling boys behaviour+discipline

Question 19

How did the public schools help to promote+organise sports/games?

Answer 19

Sport made compulsory
Inter-house/inter-school matches-standard rules
Were boarding schools-free time-high standards
Were fee paying-afford specialist equipment+facilities-specialist coaches

Question 20

What is the meaning, nature and impact of the cult of athleticism?

Answer 20

Popularity of sport-developed into cult of athleticism
->craze for playing team games and its nature was everyone played sport with effort and moral integrity
Public schools encouraged this character
Sportsmanship remained fundamental in sport

Question 21

What is the spread and export of games and the games ethic like due to public schools?

Answer 21

Ex public schoolboys often became very influential figures-spread+export games/ethic:

• uni’s
• establishing NGBs
• factory owners
• army officers around world
• teachers
• missionaries
• parents