21st Century Britain Flashcards
What were the characteristics of the social classes (amateurism+professionalism) at this time?
Class system less pronounced-subtle divisions with middle and lower classes
Lower socio-economic groups-lower participation rates/membership of clubs/less access to facilities, coaching
Elite players-more likely to come from higher SE groups
Organisations closed gap in participation between high and low SE groups
Professional players-represent both lower and middle classes-social mobility
Sport more mixed
Spectating more mixed
Some sports still associated with particular classes which ‘match’ their SE group
How were sport and pastimes shaped by social class (amateurism+professionalism)?
Examples?
Elite players-more likely to come from higher SE groups
Eg.Team GB in Rio Olympics-1/3 medalists from fee paying schools-less than 10% go to fee paying schools
Organisations closed gap in participation
Eg.Sport England, Chance to Shine(cricket)
Sport more mixed
Eg.football and tennis
Spectating more mixed
Eg.football-more varied since formation of Premier League 1992
Some sports still matched particular SE groups
Eg.golf/skiing-middle class
What were the characteristics of gender at this time?
Still more men than women
Women still viewed as feminine in sport-reinforcing male dominance
Still some gender stereotyped sport
More media coverage for male sport than women
Challenged stereotypes
Less discrimination
Raised profile of women’s sport
Increased role models
Female pundits/presenters
Increased sponsorship for female athletes
How were sport and pastimes shaped by gender?
Examples?
More men than women
Eg.Sport England survey in 2015-51% of men and 36% of women participate in sport (in 2015)
Gender stereotypes
Eg.dance for women and team sports for men
More media coverage-more programmes
Eg.this girl can
Challenged stereotypes
Eg.Nicola Adams-boxing or Steph Houghton-football
Less discrimination
Eg.Equality Act…reduction in male only golf clubs
What were the characteristics of law and order at this time?
Becoming more sophisticated and specific
‘Duty of Care’ to others-breaching this lead to prosecution-‘negligence’
‘Litigation’ increased
Court of Arbitration for Sport-CAS
Increased criminal prosecutions
Football banning order-hooligans
Increased police attention to match fixing/illegal betting
WADA/NGBs more sophisticated ways in preventing misuse of drugs
Racial and gender equality laws
Involvement of law goes against tradition of sport
How were sport and pastimes shaped by law and order?
Examples?
Increase in cases of negligence
Eg.rugby ref sued for poor control of scrum
Litigation increased
Eg.Eva Carneiro (team doctor) suing Jose Mourinho for sexual discrimination when he was manager of Chelsea football club
Increased criminal prosecutions
Eg.Duncan Ferguson(prof.footballer) jailed for on-field assault
WADA/NGB preventing drug/doping
Eg.Lance Armstrong banned+stripped of 7 Tour de France titles
What were the characteristics of education/literacy at this time?
PE compulsory in national curriculum
Higher participation-more have knowledge+skills
Sports qualifications-opportunities+new ways sport is played
School sport schemes-opportunities to play
House matches/clubs-widen participation opportunities
Kids at private schools still tend to dominate Olympic sports
Negative school experience-can discourage participation
How were sport and pastimes shaped by education/literacy?
Examples?
Sports qualifications
Eg.GCSEs/A-level/degrees
School sport schemes
Eg.SSCo(school sports coordinator-links primary school events to high schools)
Private school kids dominate Olympic sports
Eg.over 1/3 medal winner in 2012 London Olympics came from private schools-even though private educates 7% of population
What were the characteristics of availability of time/money/transport at this time?
More flexible working conditions+tech.advances-more participation
Regional variations of disposable income/leisure time reflected in regional differences in participation
Work-life balance issues-money rich but time poor
Increased availability/speed of transport
Road congestion/expense of public transport
Availability of affordable air fares-travel abroad for high level competitions frequently
Recessions-decrease disposable income
How were sport and pastimes shaped by availability of time/money/transport?
Examples?
Participation rates in UK 48%-above the European average of 41%
Faster/frequent transport links abroad
Eg.Indian premier league
Europeans Champions League
What is globalisation?
Process involves sport as a worldwide business and spreading sport and everything associated with it worldwide
What does globalisation feature?
Freedom of movement of sports participants
Media coverage
Greater exposure of people to sport
What is freedom of movement for performers?
Their choice to play/train in a country other than their home country
How does freedom of movement for performers shape sport?
UK sports teams heavily feature overseas players
Some athletes change nationality-passport swapping
Performers move to different countries/regions for training/development
Successful sports/clubs/teams tour other markets
Fan bases for teams much wider as players known internationally
Quicker/easier travel, improved tech, large financial incentives-more common international tournaments in many countries
What are some examples of freedom of movement for performers?
Overseas players
Eg.2015 only 176 of 528 Premiership footballers were English-compared to 13 overseas players in 1992
Passport swapping
Eg.Mo Farah
Moving to different countries for training
Eg.altitude/heat training in camps
Teams touring markets
Eg.Premier League football teams touring USA pre-season
Wider fan bases
Eg.Man U fans in Europe, Asia, South America
