Positive

Question 1

Influences on who you become who you are

Answer 1

• Pre-natal environment
• Hormones
• Physiology
• Sex-related genes
• Parents/family
• Peers
• Individualism/Collectivism
• Gender norms
• Gene-environment interaction
• Neurological effect on early experience
• Temperament
• Beliefs, feelings, expectations

Question 2

Environmental factors on development

Answer 2

• Income
• Housing
• Nutrition
• Education
• Access to health services
• Parenting styles
• Play opportunities

Question 3

Describe the humanistic approach

Answer 3

• Focus on client care rather than investigating the behavioural aspects of a person’s life
• Stress acceptance of individual’s as they are rather than critically examining behaviour
• Emphasise uniqueness rather than uncovering general human behaviour; believe people are best understood when looking at people’s personal experiences
• Humanism developed as a result of limitations of behaviourism and psychodynamic

Question 4

Describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 4

• Stages that must be fulfilled in order and each must be fulfilled completely before moving on to the next
• Must fulfil all 5 in order to reach full potential
• Research is mixed; first two have shown to be important, debated whether other 3 are vital to achieving self-actualisation
  1. Phsyiology
  2. Safety
  3. Belonging
  4. Self-esteem
  5. Self-actualisation

Question 5

Describe individualism and collectivism

Answer 5

• Independent
• Discover/express own uniqueness
• Personal achievement/rights/liberties
• Change reality
• Lots of temporary relationships
• Confrontation is acceptable
• Behaviour reflects personality/attitudes
• Interdependent
• Fit in with society
• Group goals, social responsibilities/relationships
• Accommodate to reality
• Defined by social networks
• Few, close relationships
• Behaviour reflects society

Question 6

How to get well-being

Answer 6

• Increasing positive emotions
• Reducing impact of negative emotions
• Thinking about others rather than ourselves
• Be active
• Keep learning
• Give random acts of kindness
• Take notice
• Finding meaning in own life

Question 7

Describe the Optimistic Triad

Answer 7

1. Permanent - bad doesn’t last, good does
2. Pervasive - good effects everything, bad is localised
3. Personal - good = my fault, bad = random

Question 8

How to be optimistic

Answer 8

1. Three things I am thankful for
   - Spend too much time thinking about the bad things, don’t reflect enough on things that have happened
   - Focus on negatives can cause anxiety/depression
   - Teaches to focus on positives
2. Gratitude exercise
   - Writing a thank you letter
   - Makes both people feel good
   - Decreases symptoms of depression
3. Signature strengths
   - Focus on developing strengths rather than weaknesses
   - Increases self-efficiency and self-esteem
4. Good deeds
   - ‘Helper’s high’
   - Makes both people feel good
5. Practise mindfullness
   - People often focus on happiness in future and neglect the present; teaches to focus on good things currently happening
   - Start seeing joys of everyday life
   - Stop thinking about troubling past events
   - Learn not to worry about future that hasn’t happened yet
6. Be kind and compassionate

Question 9

How is well-being defined?

Answer 9

• Positive emotions
• Engagement
• Relationships
• Meaning
• Accomplishments