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D3 > Portugal > Flashcards

Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

What influence does the Atlantic ocean have?

A

cool and rainy weather, particularly to the north west

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2
Q

What climate do the more Northerly inland areas have and why?

A

a continental climate with a warm and drier growing season due to protection of mountains from atlantic ocean

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3
Q

What is the topography in the south?

A

Rolling hills and plains

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4
Q

What type of soils are found in mountainous regions?

A

Schist or granite

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5
Q

What type of soils are found further south to the coast? (name 2 types)

A
  • clay soils with high limestone content
    -sandy soils
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6
Q

Name 4 regions where schist or granite can be found

A

Vinho Verde
Douro
Dao
hilly outcrops Alentejo

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7
Q

What type of soils can be found near riverbanks (e.g. Tejo)

A

Fertile alluvial soils

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8
Q

Which weather hazards is problematic in Portugal? In which regions?

A

Drought in warmer inland regions such as: Douro,Dao and Alentejo

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9
Q

What kind of extreme weather hazards have happened?

A
  • (hail) storms in Douro
  • Wildfires in 2017 in Dao
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10
Q

What are hazards in coastal regions and why?

A

wet weather, can lead to poor fruit set and later in the season for fungal disease pressure

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11
Q

What type of training system can be found in the Douro? In what types of vineyards are they planted?

A

Old bush vines, varietally mixed vineyards, = ‘field blends’

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12
Q

In what scenario is irrigation used?

A

Where lack of water can jeopardise quality, cannot be used for boosting yields

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13
Q

Does Portugal have a high or low amount of organic certified vineyards?

A

Low, around 2700 ha by 500 growers.

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14
Q

In which regions is it not allowed to use international grape varieties?

A

Douro, Dao, Vinho Verde

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15
Q

If oak is used, which type of oak?

A

French oak, sometimes American

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16
Q

Where did de-stemming equipment lead to?

A

Better tannin management

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17
Q

Fermenting/ageing in what type of vessel has gain its popularity?

A

in clay vessels, even fermenting wines on skins in clay vessels has its own DOC ‘vinho de talha’ in Alentejo

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18
Q

Is skin contact for white wines practiced? If yes, where

A

Yes, for premium whites for texture and intensity

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19
Q

How many DOCs does Portugal have?

A

31

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20
Q

are VR wines from less quality or better? What do they permit

A

less quality, term voor PGI wines, 14 in total
- permit international varieties (char&cs) and a wider selection of grape varieties

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21
Q

What are the wines labelled as that do not have a PDO or PGI status?

A

‘vinho’

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22
Q

What is the area of vines planted?

A

190.000 ha, with a reduction of 85.000 ha over the last 30 years

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23
Q

For how many % does grape growing represent the total national agricultural output?

A

35% which is the highest of the world

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24
Q

How many hectolitres of unfortified wine does Portugal produce on a yearly basis?

A

5.5 mhl

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25
Q

What type of traders were dominating the market before the Carnation Revolution?

A

Co-operatives, over 100 in 1950s&1960s because of preferential rights. Were badly equipped, led to bulk wine

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26
Q

What is the biggest wine company in Portugal?

A

Sogrape

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27
Q

Why has domestic sale increased?

A

due to a higher average income and a significant rise in tourism

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28
Q

Which river forms the border with Spain in Vinho Verde?

A

River Minho

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29
Q

What is the climate of Vinho Verde?

A

Moderate Maritime, due to Atlantic coast and river valleys that funnel atlantic winds inland

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30
Q

What is the climate of vinho verde to the east?

A

rise of land, thus poorer soils and climate becomes more continental with drier sub-regions

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31
Q

What kind of grape varieties grow better in the east of Vinho Verde (such as in Baiao, Moncao e Melgaco) and why?

A

Avesso, which is a later ripening variety.

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32
Q

What style does Alvarinho produce to the east of Vinho Verde?

A

Fuller bodied and more alcohol

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33
Q

Is the rainfall high or low in Vinho Verde? how many mm per year?

A

very high! 1500 mm per year, spread out through the year

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34
Q

What can be a problem regarding consistency in Vinho Verde?

A

vintage variation due to high rainfall

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35
Q

What is the soil in Vinho Verde? What is it capable of doing?

A

granitic bedrock/topsoil with sandy texture. Good drainage

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36
Q

Is the natural fertility high or low in Vinho Verde? What can be done about it?

A

Low, fertilisers needed such as manure

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37
Q

What are hazards in Vinho Verde?

A

Mildew and rot due to high rainfall

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38
Q

What was the traditional training method used in Vinho Verde?

A

Training vines up in trees to provide better air circulation

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39
Q

What training system is applied now in Vinho Verde and why?

A

single or double guyot, VSP. Trained high for better air circulation and reduce the chances on rot

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40
Q

What canopy techniques are used in Vinho Verde and why?

A

summer pruning techniques: removal of lateral shoots and leaf removal and green harvest for vigorous varieties
why? To enhance fruit ripening and air circulation

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41
Q

How much percentage of Vinho Verde production is white?

A

+/- 80%

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42
Q

What is the most planted white variety in Vinho Verde?

A

Loureiro

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43
Q

What style does Loureiro produce?

A

mid-ripening, med (+) acidities. Aromas of: citrus, pear, floral and herbal aromas.

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44
Q

What style does Alvarinho produce?

A

Aromas of citrus, peach, tropical aromas, med(+) body and med to high acidities.

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45
Q

Where is Pederña grown and what style does it produce?

A

in Vinho Verde, mid-ripening, more neutral than Loureiro or Alvarinho with subtle citrus,apple and high acidities

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46
Q

Is Avesso early or late ripening? what does it mean for the climate it thrives in?

A

late ripening, needs warm and dry conditions otherwise it can fail to ripen fully. Thus, grows inland south (Baiao) benefitting from warmer conditions

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47
Q

What style does Avesso produce?

A

lower in acidity than other Vinho Verde varieties, fuller bodied, citrus and stone fruit.

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48
Q

What style does Trajadura produce?

A

low in acidity, apple&peach aromas. Usually blended with other varieties that have more acidity

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49
Q

Which black grape is planted in Vinho Verde, what style does it produce?

A

Vinhao, deeply coloured wines, cherry fruit, high acidities

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50
Q

Describe an inexpensive, high volume white wine from Vinho Verde

A

-May use fruit sourced from across the region
- Made with protective methods and cool fermentation in SS to preserve aromatics
- Released soon after fermentation
-Carbon dioxide added at bottling to give light spritz.
-style: low alcohol, med(+) to high acidities,apple citrus, peach. Can have small amount of residual sugar, good quality made by co-ops or merchants

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51
Q

Describe the style of a higher priced Vinho Verde

A

-made by boutique wineries
-No addition of carbon dioxide
-single varietal, single sub-region wines
- ambient yeast might be used, old oak for fermentation or maturation
-Wine can be kept on fine lees to add texture and complexity
-Mid to premium priced of very good quality

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52
Q

If the sub region is mentioned, what is the minimum abv?

A

9% instead of 8%

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53
Q

Which sub-regions are allowed to put alvarinho on the label as single variety?

A

Moncao and Melgaco, they have lower max yields and min alc levels of 11.5% abv

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54
Q

What are label regulations in other sub-regions of Vinho Verde?

A

Alvarinho can be stated on the label together with other varieties in the blend if Alvarinho makes up for more than 30% of the blend

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55
Q

What happens if producers choose to state alvarinho on the label as single varietal?

A

declassified to Minho VR

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56
Q

Explain the wine business in vinho verde

A
  • A lot of growers with very small land holdings, sell their grapes to co-ops or merchants
    -only 400 growers who bottle own wines
    -35% of wine exported: Germany, USA, Brazil and France
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57
Q

How many ha under vine does the Douro have?

A

38000 ha

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58
Q

When was Douro DOC established?

A

1982

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59
Q

What are the 3 sub-regions of the Douro?

A

-Douro Superior
-Cima Corgo
-Baixo Corgo

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60
Q

Which mountains are near the Douro and what do they do?

A

-Serra do Marao, 1415 m at highest
-Shelter from the cooler,damper Atlantic weather

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61
Q

What climate does the Douro have and why?

A

warm continental due to its more inland location and protection from mountains
- Huge range of microclimates

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62
Q

Which region of the Douro is the wettest and coolest?

A

Baixo corgo, 900 mm rainfall

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63
Q

Which region of the Douro is the driest?

A

Douro Superior, 450 mm rainfall, hot and arid (Cima corgo had 700 mm and is warmer than Baixo)

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64
Q

What is the soil type in the Douro? Explain what the soil is capable of doing

A

-Schist, is low in organic matter and has a stony texture= little water retention
- Due to vertical layers, roots can penetrate deep to find water

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65
Q

Why is it important that vines have access to water in the Douro?

A

Because hillside vineyards do not have irrigation systems and the climate is dry

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66
Q

Is irrigation allowed in the Douro? Under which circumstances?

A

-Was not allowed
-Since 2019 IVDP allowed it when hydric stress jeopardises and when the vineyards are located in an area where irrigation is permitted
-When using irrigation, IVDP should be notified

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67
Q

What are the three vineyard lay outs common in Douro?

A

Solcacos, Patamares, Vinha ao alto

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68
Q

Explain the vineyard lay out ‘Solcacos’

A

-Traditional method
-Narrow terraces, supported by walls of dry rocks
-6000 vines per ha allowed
-Not suitable for mechanisation
-UNESCO protected, cannot be converted for other use

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69
Q

explain the vineyard lay out ‘Patamares’

A

-Terraces supported by a steep earth ramp
-Small tractors can be used
-Cheaper and easier to maintain than socalcos
-downside: erosion and growth of weeds
-low planting density: 3000-3500 vines per ha

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70
Q

Explain the vineyard lay out ‘Vinha ao Alto’

A

-Planted in vertical rows up the slope
-least expensive, easiest to maintain
-higher density (5000 vines per ha)
-above 40% incline, mechanisation cannot be used
-problem: water run off and erosion

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71
Q

What are mainly the 2 leading black grape varieties in a blend in the Douro?

A

Touriga Nacional and Touriga Franca

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72
Q

What style does Touriga Nacional produce in Douro?

A

-High level of colour and tannins, black fruit flavours, floral notes (violet,rose, orange blossom), retains acidity well, long ageing potential
-mid ripener, thick skin
-excessive vegetative growth -> summer pruning and can suffer from coulure (can lower yields)

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73
Q

What style does Touriga Franca produce in Douro?

A

-Late ripening: suitable for warmest sites
-tight bunches, thick skin (resistant to fungal diseases)
-Can be vigorous -> summer pruning
- Contributes colour,tannin and acidity to a blend, juicy red and black fruit& floral aromas

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74
Q

What is the most planted black grape variety in Portugal

A

Aragonez/ tinta roriz (in Douro)

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75
Q

Which black grape variety has gained popularity in the Douro? Why?

A

-Sousao (Vinhao in Vinho Verde)
-Because its high acidity which brings freshness to a blend even in warmer years

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76
Q

Which white varieties can be found in the Douro?

A

-Viosinho, Rabigato,Gouveio (godello), Moscatel galego Branco

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77
Q

What is the style of Viosinho in Douro?

A

-Full bodied, floral notes,stone fruit
-Can lack acidity

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78
Q

What is the French name for Moscatel Galego Branco? Why is this grape variety a good blending partner?

A

-muscat blanc a petits grains
-to enhance the intensity of the aroma
-Grown on highest altitude to retain acidity

79
Q

Are Douro wines normally single vineyard or blends?

A

Blends from a range of sites, can be single vineyard

80
Q

What is the aim of blending in Douro?

A
  • To achieve ripe but not overripe grapes, this can be achieved by blending from different sites despite of weather differences
81
Q

Describe the style of Gouveio

A

-med(+) acidity, citrus and stonefruits

82
Q

Which aspects can be advantageous in warmer years in the Douro?

A

-North facing aspects
-high altitude
-Vineyards to west of the region

83
Q

Which wine styles are allowed in Douro DOC

A

red, rosé, sparkling

84
Q

For red wines in Douro, is destemming common or whole bunch fermentation? Why?

A

-Destemming
-Levels of tannins are already high, thus addition of tannins in stems are not needed
-Producers do not want to risk green, unripe flavours

85
Q

In what type of fermentation vessels are Douro red’s mainly produced? Are the temperatures relatively low or high?

A

-Stainless steel
-low (24-28 degrees) to have better control over extraction

86
Q

What type of fermentation vessel is sometimes used in the Douro and why ?

A

-Lagares
-easier to control extraction in open lagar than in a closed tank

87
Q

What happens to wines sold for early consumption in Douro after fermentation?

A

-Pressed off skins when fermentation is finished

88
Q

What happens to wines sold for ageing or better quality in Douro after fermentation?

A

-Post fermentation maceration: for longer ageing and to further extract and soften tannins

89
Q

What type of vessels where traditionally used in the Douro and which are preferred now? Why?

A

-Traditionally: large Portuguese oak barrels
-Now: smaller vessels such as barriques (french)
- Why? Larger vessels (400-500l) and less new oak to not overpower fruit flavours in wine

90
Q

How are inexpensive white wines made in the Douro? what is the style and quality?

A

-fermentation in SS for temp. control
-bottled soon after fermentation
-light-med intensity, med(+) acidity
-good quality
-Moscatel Galego Branco used in this style to enhance intensity

91
Q

How are premium white wines made in the Douro? What is the style and quality?

A

-Grapes from old vines
-Fermented and matured in oak (old&new)
-Greater intensity, more aromas, more body and texture
-very good quality (sometimes outstanding)

92
Q

Which producers make premium wines in the Douro?

A

-Port producers who make estate grown ‘quinta’ wines
-Come from select parcels or estates

93
Q

Which producers make inexpensive Douro wines?

A
  • Growers bring grapes to co-operatives
    -Fruit comes from different quintas
94
Q

Is the price growers receive for grapes for still wines higher or lower than grapes used for port production?

A

Lower,

95
Q

How much % by volume of Douro is consumed domestically?

A

64%

96
Q

What is the climate of Dao? What influences the climate?

A
  • Mediterranean climate with warm dry summers and mild winters
    -Surrounded by mountains, protecting from cool maritime weather conditions from the west and warmer,arid conditions from the east
97
Q

Is the rainfall high or low in Dao? When does rain tend to fall?

A

-High! 1600 mm in west and 1100 mm in east
-Falls in autumn and winter

98
Q

How many ha of vines does Dao have?

A

20000 ha

99
Q

Which surroundings in the Dao can give a signature note to the wines?

A
  • Dao area is large compared to area under vine
    -Big plantings of pine and eucalyptus forests
100
Q

Between which elevation are most vineyards planted in Dao? What does this mean for grape growing?

A

-400-500 metres
-Moderating influence on day time temperatures and cooler nights = higher diurnal range

101
Q

What is the main soil type of Dao? What features does this soil have

A

-Granite with a sandy/loamy texture
-Low in organic matter, free draining
-Water stress can be an issue

102
Q

What are weather hazards that can occur in Dao?

A
  • Wildfires have occured in 2017
    -Hail storms during summer
    -Frost in low lying areas because cold air from mountains descends and settles on vineyards below
103
Q

What is the traditional training system used in Dao? What is currently applied?

A

-Bush vines
- Single/double guyot or cordon trained and VSP trellised

104
Q

Is vintage variation a problem in Dao?

A

-Yes, due to sometimes problematic weather conditions
-255000 hl was produced in 2017 whereas 155000 hl in 2018

105
Q

What are the main black grape varieties planted in Dao?

A

-Touriga Nacional
-Tinta Roriz
-Jean (mencia)
-Alfrocheiro

106
Q

What style does Tinta Roriz produce in Dao?

A

-Ripens early
-Deep colour, med (+) tannins, full body
- as single variety (ageing potential)
or blended to give more structure to the wine

107
Q

What style does Jean produce in Dao? What is this variety called in Spain?

A
  • Medium acidity, raspberry and blackberry
    -as single variety: carbonic maceration, fruity for early consumption
    -Mencia in Spain
    -can soften a blend and give ripe fruity flavours
108
Q

What style does Alfrocheiro produce in Dao?

A

-med tannins&body
- strawberry and blackberry
-single varietal:soft, fruity for early consumption
-used for rosé production
-can soften a blend and give ripe fruity flavours

109
Q

What style does red wine in Dao have compared to the Douro?

A

-Less full bodied and intense than Douro
- Dao has fresher flavours and acidity

110
Q

Which wine making techniques have changed recently in the Dao?

A

-Traditionally: Astringent, lacking fruit from long skin maceration and long maturation on oak
-Nowadays: Shorter maceration and shorter period on oak, reducing proportion of new oak used

111
Q

What is usually the quality range for Dao wines?

A

-good to outstanding
-mid-priced to premium

112
Q

What is the key white grape variety of Dao? Explain the style and quality

A

-Encruzado
-good-very good quality, mid-premium priced
-med(+) acidity, can be full bodied, lemon,peach, sometimes floral

113
Q

What winemaking options are used for Encruzado?

A

-Can be fermented in SS to retain fruit flavours
-Or fermented/matured in oak vessels (lees stirring also optional for texture) = capability to age, can develop nutty character

114
Q

How many grape growers does Dao have? do they have small or big vineyard holdings

A

-30.000 growers
-small vineyard holdings (0.5 ha)
-

115
Q

What is the leading co-operative in Dao? What quality of wine do they produce?

A

-Sogrape
-higher quality wines at all price points

116
Q

Is a lot of Dao wine exported? To which countries?

A
  • no, only between 15-20%
    -Canada, Brazil, USA, China
117
Q

What is the location of Bairrada DOC?

A

To the west of Dao

118
Q

What is the climate of Bairrada and why?

A

-A maritime climate due to proximity to Atlantic ocean

119
Q

What are the rainfall levels in Bairrada?

A

-relatively high but lower than Vinho Verde, Douro and Dao
-800-1200 mm

120
Q

When does rain tend to fall in Bairrada? What are problems that can arise from this?

A

-During spring and autumn
-can be problematic during harvest for late ripening varieties such as for the local variety Baga

121
Q

What types of soils can be found to the west of Bairrada and why?

A

-Alluvial soils due to river estuaries
-Limestone clay slopes (better quality soils)

122
Q

What types of soils can be found in the warmer south of Bairrada? What grape variety thrives here?

A

-limestone clay
-Baga

123
Q

What grape variety is most widely planted in Bairrada?

A

Baga

124
Q

Explain the style of Baga in Bairrada

A

-late ripening & productive -> needs careful site selection & limited yields to ensure full ripeness
High acidity & tannins
-med body
-cherry, cranberry,plum
-can be astringent when young but softer&more complex with bottle ageing

125
Q

What was the style of Baga in the 20th century?

A
  • high yields
    -sold to co-operatives
    -wines lacked fruit concentration and unpleasant astringent
126
Q

Baga is also used for other wine production. Which wine production and why?

A

-Rosé
- due to fresh acidity
-Mateus Rosé (inexpensive)

127
Q

What aspect is needed for Baga?

A

-South facing for good sunlight interception
-Protected from Cool north winds due to pine forest

128
Q

Why does Baga thrives well on limestone/clay soils?

A
  • the soils have good balance between water retention and drainage
    -ensures that vines has enough water to ripen but not too much to become overly vigorous
    -Light colour of soils also reflect solar energy back into the canopy, aiding ripeness
129
Q

Why is Baga not planted on sandy soils?

A

It’s too dry

130
Q

What canopy management can be used for Baga? Why?

A

-Green harvest
-To enhance ripening of the remaining bunches

131
Q

Most producers in Bairrada destem Baga, why?

A

-Traditionally fermented with stems but then wines need to be aged for a long time

132
Q

Using whole bunches or partially whole bunches is regaining its popularity in Bairrada, why?

A

-Because whole bunch fermentation can give a fresh fruity and vibrant character to the wine

133
Q

A winemaker’s choice can be to ferment with stems in Bairrada, why would he do this?

A

-To give more structure to the wine
-Used for wines intended for ageing

134
Q

Which fermentation vessels are commonly used for red wine production in Bairrada?

A

-Stainless steel
-open concrete vessels
-lagares

135
Q

What type of vessels are commonly used for maturation in Bairrada? If oak is used, which type of oak?

A

-Large barrels (500-650l)
-French oak
or.. large vessels from French, Italian or Austrian oak

136
Q

What international black grape varieties are allowed in Bairrada? Why are these varieties well suited to this area?

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon & Merlot
-due to the maritime climate (similar to Bordeaux)
-due to soils that drain effectively
-Used in blends with baga to soften tannin and bring more body

137
Q

If a wine is labelled as baga classico, how much % of baga does it have to contain?

A

Minimum 50%

138
Q

What is the most planted white grape variety in Portugal?

A

Maria Gomes

139
Q

What style does Maria Gomes produces in Bairrada?

A

-white grape
-early ripening, good in damp conditions in Bairrada
- produces high yields
-citrus and floral aromas
-med(+) acidity when picked early but drop in acidity quickly

140
Q

Describe Bical

A

-White grape
-early ripening
-same as Maria Gomes = looses acidity quickly
-peach&tropical fruit

141
Q

What do Arinto and Cercial add to a blend?

A

-Acidity
-Citrus&apple flavours

142
Q

On which type of soils are the grapes grown for white inexpensive white wine production in Bairrada? What are the winemaking options?

A
  • Sandy soils
  • fermenting at cool temp in stainless steel
    -Bottled soon after fermentation
143
Q

On which type of soils are the grapes grown for higher priced white wine in Bairrada? What are the winemaking options?

A

-Clay limestone soils
-Fermentation and maturation for short period on oak

144
Q

What is ‘Baga friends’

A
  • A small group of producers
    -Producing high quality baga
145
Q

What does Bairrada look like in terms of traders?

A

-2000 growers
-Co-operatives and merchants

146
Q

In which area is Vinho de Talha DOC? What type of wine does it produce?

A

-In Alentejo
-Introduced in 2010
-For wines fermenting on their skins in amphora (talha)

147
Q

What is the climate of Alentejo?

A

-Mediterranean
-Hot dry summers, mild winters
-inland parts of region have most extreme temperatures

148
Q

What is the rainfall in Alentejo?

A

-low compared to other regions
-500 mm in South
-800 mm in north
-Falling in autumn and winter

149
Q

Is the rainfall in Alentejo spread out throughout the year?

A

-No
-long periods of dry weather -> drip irrigation used

150
Q

What soil types can be found in Alentejo?

A

-Variety of soil types
-Granite, schist,limestone with clay or sandy texture

151
Q

The training system used in Alentejo is mainly based on which factor?

A

-Labour intensive, most sparsely populated area in Portugal
-double cordon with VSP commonly implemented since replacement-cane needs more pruning

152
Q

How many sub-regions does Alentejo DOC have?

A

8

153
Q

What is the name of the coolest sub-region in Alentejo? Where is it located in terms of geography and location

A

-Portalegre
-In Northern part, less hot and dry
-Vineyards planted on 800 m altitude
-northernly location + altitude = coolest of Alentejo
-Fresher fruit with higher acidity
-very small vineyards, old bush vines with field blends

154
Q

What are the 3 main black grape varieties in Alentejo?

A

-Alicante Bouschet
-Tinta Roriz/aragonez
-Trincadeira
-used for blends

155
Q

What sites are important for aragonez in Alentejo?

A
  • cooler sites because its an early ripener
    -time of harvest is important, otherwise overripe
156
Q

What does Alicante Bouschet contribute to a blend in Alentejo?

A
  • a red fleshed variety
    -deep colour
    -acidity
  • tannins
    -red&black berry fruit
157
Q

Why does Trincadeira grow well in Alentejo?

A
  • Because of its dry climate, trincadeira is susceptible to rot
158
Q

Describe Trincadeira

A

-High yields, needs to be limited to produce fully ripe grapes
-medium tannins & acidity
-blackberry&spices

159
Q

Which international black grape variety is most commonly used in Alentejo?

A

Syrah

160
Q

Which international black grape variety is increasing in popularity in Alentejo?Why?

A

-Petit verdot
-contributes colour,tannins and spices to a blend

161
Q

What is the quality for red wines in Alentejo? what winemaking options are commonly practised?

A

-inexpensive, fruity, early consumption
or
-super-premium with concentrated fruit flavours, spices from maturation in new oak and enough structure for ageing
-Mouchao=significant producer (LG)

162
Q

What is the most planted white variety in Alentejo? What style does is produce?

A

-Roupeiro
-Retains acidity well
-susceptible to rot but not problematic in warm climate as Alentejo
-citrus and stone fruit
-can lose primary fruit quickly when ageing

163
Q

Why is Arinto (Pederña in vinho verde) used for a blend in Alentejo?

A

-to add acidity

164
Q

Describe antao vaz

A

-white grape variety
-tolerant to drought
-produced in lots of styles:
-early picked fresh style
-later picked fuller bodied (often oaked) with tropical fruits
-used for talha wines with skin contact
-can lack acidities in warmer regions: blended with varieties with higher acidities such as roupeiro and arinto

165
Q

What are the winemaking options for white wines in Alentejo?

A

-Fermented in SS for fruity wines for early consumption
- fermented in barrels for more texture and longer ageing
-good to very good in quality (less high than red) inexpensive to mid-priced

166
Q

Which Portuguese wine region has largest sales?

A

Alentejo

167
Q

What is different about Alentejo compared to other regions in terms of holdings and tourism, why?

A

-Large holdings instead of small
-high sunshine hours,dry summers, relatively flat topography -> cost-effective, high volume, mechanised viticulture
-1995 13500 ha 2019 22000 ha
-Strongly influenced by wine tourism due to proximity to lisbon: cellar doors and promotion of other products such as ham and olive oil

168
Q

Which mountain splits Lisboa Vr in 2 distinct areas?

A

-A coastal mountain range
-Serra de Montejunto

169
Q

What is the total area under vine in Lisboa?

A

18000 ha

170
Q

Explain the growing environment of the west side of Lisboa

A

-Runs along the atlantic coast
-wet weather and strong winds make grape growing more challenging

171
Q

Why are producers (despite of the weather circumstances) attracted to the sites on the west side of Lisboa?

A

-Due to the soils
-clay-limestone soils
-lighter bodied, fresher styles of wine

172
Q

What style of wine is produced on the eastern side of Lisboa and why?

A

-More fuller bodied and riper wines due to more protection of atlantic ocean

173
Q

Are international varieties permitted in Lisboa?

A

Yes

174
Q

What are the 3 main grape varieties which tend to have the highest potential for quality in Lisboa?

A

-Aragonez
-Arinto (white)
-Touriga Nacional

175
Q

What are the 2 well known DOCs in Lisboa? Where are they located?

A

-Alenquer & Bucelas
-eastern side of coastal mountains

176
Q

What style of wine does Alenquer DOC produce?

A

-Full bodied red wines often from touriga nacional and Aragonez
-Sheltered location
-good- very good usually mid-priced
-

177
Q

What style of wine is Bucelas DOC well known for?

A

-Arinto (pederña) in vinho verde producing high acid wines
-Small region
-Some in SS and bottled soon after fermentation
or lees contact and/or oak to enhance texture
-good to very good, inexpensive to mid priced

178
Q

Name another DOC in Lisboa (apart from Bucelas,Alenquer)

A

-Colares

179
Q

Where is Colares located? Which styles does it produce?

A

-Coastal DOC in Lisboa region
-Foggy coastal climate
-sandy soils (phylloxera free)
-ungrafted bush vines
-style: fresh, high acidity red and whites from rare local grapes

180
Q

How many DOCs are there in Lisboa? Under which GI are most wines sold?

A

-9
-Mostly inexpensive wines under Lisboa VR (10x more in terms of hl than DOCs)
- most producers sell under VR, due to more flexibility

181
Q

Who is the main producer of Lisboa DOC/VR wine? what style?

A

-Casa Santos Lima
-inexpensive to mid-priced brands and labels for retail markets
-Mostly for export

182
Q

How many ha under vine does Peninsula de Setubal have?

A

9500 ha

183
Q

What is the overall climate of Peninsula de Setubal?

A

-Mediterranean
-Warm dry summers
-Mild wet winters

184
Q

Where are the mountains found in Setubal? What do they provide

A

-South
-cooler sites at higher altitude with limestone/clay soils

185
Q

What soil is common in Setubal?

A

-Sandy soils and flat plains
-clay&schist further inland

186
Q

What are the 2 DOCs in Setubal?

A

-Palmela DOC
-Setubal DOC

187
Q

Which style of wine does Palmela DOC produces? What grape variety must it be?

A

-Red wines
-67% castelao
-deep in colour, full bodied, red berry fruit
-often matured in oak: add spice
-concentrated age worthy wines best grown on warm, sandy vineyards on plains
-on limestone slopes: lighter bodied wines suited for early drinking
-international varieties also permitted: syrah& cs on clay/limestone slopes
-whites: arinto, moscatel,
-good-very good, mid-priced
-also sweet fortified wines from moscatel

188
Q

is Setubal DOC larger or smaller than Palmela? what style does it produce?

A

-larger
-more flexibility than palmela
-no min. of castelao
-also sweet fortified wines from moscatel

189
Q

What has been a shift in Tejo DOC in terms of quality and production?

A

-first: focussed on volume, vineyards on fertile river banks
- EU pull out schemes of vineyards on fertile soils
-Now: more focus on quality and less fertile soils to the north&south

190
Q

What is the climate of Tejo DOC?

A

-Mediterranean
-Dry hot summers, mild wet winters
-750 mm rainfall

191
Q

What soil types are in the North of Tejo? What style of wine does it produce?

A

-More rainfall
-Clay&limestone with schist soils
-red wines

192
Q

What style of wines are produced around the river in Tejo? Why?

A

-inexpensive white wines
-Because of fertile alluvial soils
-Vigour needs to be managed

193
Q

What style of wines are produced in the South of Tejo? why?

A

-red and whites on poor sandy soils due to warm and hot climate

194
Q

In what style are most Tejo wines made?

A

-fruity style for early consumption
-inexpensive to mid-priced
-acceptable to good
-some higher quality is being produced

D3 (12 decks)

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