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D3 > Australia > Flashcards

Australia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result of Australia being mostly phylloxera free?

A

-Oldest plantings in the world
-Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache

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2
Q

When was the first recorded export of Australian wines? Why?

A

-1850s
-Phylloxera outbreak, good opportunity for AUS to export, especially in UK

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3
Q

What did AUS produce when focussing on domestic market?

A

-fortified wines

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4
Q

When did large companies arise? what happened?

A

-1950s
-Jacob’s creek & penfolds
-Modernisation: temp. controlled stainless steel tanks

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5
Q

What happened in the 1970s & 1980s ?

A

-1970s= boutique wineries
-1980s= wines exported again

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6
Q

in the 1980s what was their new approach to marketing wines?

A

-stating grape varieties on label
-decription of wine on label

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7
Q

What did the approach in 1980s lead to?

A

-accessible wines
-early 2000s = 5th largest exporter

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8
Q

After the 2000s, plantings fell back again, why?

A

-huge oversupply: decrease in demand for inexpensive Australian wine
-2008 financial crisis: made Argentinian and Chilean wine cheaper, AUS more expensive
-prices for grapes went down, serious drought led higher costs for irrigation = growers out of business
- positive: producers focus from inexpensive to good quality, helped to maintain Australia’s position on export market

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9
Q

Most vineyards lie between which latitude?

A
  • 30 and 37 = intense sunlight
    -Queensland & Tasmania = 41 and 42
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10
Q

What is the climate of Murray Darling Basin?

A

-hot continental, no cooling influences

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11
Q

Where are most grape growing areas situated?

A

-Near coast for cooling influences

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12
Q

regarding topography, what about it and its cooling influences?

A

-relatively flat land
-means that there is little to stop cooling influences from ocean
-air from ocean can reach far inland

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13
Q

Regarding grape growing, what do producers look for?

A

-cooler areas in mountain ranges such as: Orange, Macedon,Grampians
-lighter bodied more elegant wines

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14
Q

What can be a weather hazard in cooler parts of Australia?

A

-spring frosts
-site selection to drain cold air can mitigate this effect
-wind from coast can reduce risk but… interupt fruit set

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15
Q

What are 2 other weather hazards in Australia?

A

-Low rainfall = long period of drought
-Rivers of Murray Darling Basin which are vital for irrigation water have run low
-Bush fires= smoke taint

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16
Q

in 2018 Australia was the … largest producers. How much hl?

A

-7th
-12.6 million hl

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17
Q

What makes Australia’s environment good for grape growing?

A

-plenty of sunshine
-low rainfall
-many regions, low humidity = low disease pressure

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18
Q

What happens due to a shortage of water (not rainfall)?

A

-e.g. Mclaren valley, sustainable water resource: irrigation water from recycled water for suburbs of Adelaide
-efficient irrigation systems = drip irrigation, trying to make water usage as efficient as possible

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19
Q

Why is vineyard management important in Australia?

A

-due to heat and with sufficient water, vines will grow vigorously
-to ensure even ripening
-especially on fertile soils

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20
Q

Which canopy systems have been used to manage vigour and ensure vine balance?

A

-Scott-henry
-Smart-dyson

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21
Q

Why is mechanisation commonly practised in Australia?

A

-Most vineyards on flat, gentle slopes
-labour intensive, some vineyards far away from population, thus mechanised
-can deliver grapes asap to the winery
-easier to harvest at night

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22
Q

What is a problem regarding soils? Explain

A

-Soil salinity
-Soils can get more saline due to not enough rainfall to carry away the salts deposited in irrigation water
-saline soils can make it more difficult for the vine to get to the water it needs = reduced vine growth or even death

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23
Q

Which grape is most susceptible to saline soils? what can be done to prevent this?

A

-Chardonnay
-selecting suitable root stock
-changing irrigation patterns= larger volumes of water less frequently

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24
Q

In which areas is Phylloxera present? What happens to prevent phylloxera?

A

-Parts of Victoria
-New South Wales
-planted on selected rootstocks, to protect against phylloxera andto combat acidity and salinity in soils

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25
Q

Why is Australia generally speaking, good for sustainable viticulture?

A

-warm and dry climate, low humidity, thus low disease pressure
-Sustainable Winegrowing Australia = 25% of production

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26
Q

What are the 2 natural pests in Australia? How can this be prevented?

A

-Kangaroos & birds
-netting = against birds but expensive
-nothing against kangaroos

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27
Q

What are the 2 most planted grape varieties in AUS?

A

Shiraz (25%) & Chardonnay

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28
Q

Which alternative varieties have been planted over the last couple of years?

A

-Mediterranean varieties
-Sangiovese, Fiano, Tempranillo, Assyrtiko

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29
Q

What style does Shiraz produce in warmer regions and in cooler regions?

A

-warmer regions such as Barossa and Mclaren = full-bodied, high alcohol, high but soft tannins, dark fruit, earthy and spicy, leather with age
-cooler, Yarra Valley and Grampians = less full-bodied, medium alc, less intense fruit, red and black cherry and black pepper

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30
Q

The trend for Shiraz is less intense, more approachable wine. How is this achieved?

A

-reducing the amount of extraction (whole bunch)
- less use of new oak = traditionally American but now also French

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31
Q

How is very good to outstanding Shiraz made?

A

-open fermentation tanks
-manual or mechanized punch downs for soft extraction of tannins

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32
Q

With which varieties is Shiraz commonly blended with?

A

-GSM blend
-Shiraz-Viognier, co-fermented for premium ‘cote-rotie’ style of wines (cheaper wines blended post-fermentation)
- blended with Cabernet Sauvignon to give softness and body to the wine

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33
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon is … than Shiraz

A

Higher in acidity

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34
Q

What are the 2 leading areas for Cabernet Sauvignon production? what is the style produced there?

A

-Coonawarra: distinctive mint/eucalyptus
-Margaret river: blended with merlot, slightly riper with herbal notes

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35
Q

Name 3 regions where Pinot Noir is grown and describe its style

A

-Yarra Valley
-Mornington Peninsula
-Tasmania
-medium body, medium alcohol, med-high acidity
-red fruit: cherry&strawberry

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36
Q

What are winemaking techniques commonly practised for Pinot Noir?

A

-whole bunch fermentation for aromas
-cold maceration to enhance colour
-and fermentation with stems to add tannic structure
-Maturation in French oak common

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37
Q

What is the recognition regarding Grenache?

A

-used in GSM blends
-but also: quality bush vine fruit, single variety from McLaren Valley, Eden Valley, Barossa Valley

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38
Q

Describe the traditional style and modern style of Grenache

A
  • traditionally: low acidity, high alcohol,jammy and high alcohol
    -modern: greater freshness with higher acidities, lower alc, fresher red fruit
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39
Q

What winemaking techniques can be used for Grenache?

A

-whole bunches or stems to enhance aromas and tannin structure
-small new oak = overwhelming, thus old oak is used or large barrels for maturation

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40
Q

How is an inexpensive Chardonnay made?

A

-fermented in tanks
-little oak from staves, chips or old barrels previously used for higher quality wines
-can be blended with semillon, Chardonnay bringing ripe fruit to the blend

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41
Q

What is the style of high quality Chardonnay’s?

A

-ripe fruit (citrus&peach)
-medium (+) acidity
-well-integrated oak

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42
Q

What can a winemaker do to enhance complexity, texture and balance of Chardonnay?

A

-ambient yeast
-leaving more solids during fermentation
-barrel fermentation and/or maturation
-lees ageing
-malo conversion in cooler regions to reduce acidity& add complexity (warmer regions not to retain acidity)

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43
Q

Where is Sauvignon Blanc planted? What price points?

A

-cooler regions = mid-priced
-warmer regions= inexpensive
- can range from citrus to tropical fruits

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44
Q

Where can best examples of Sauvignon Blanc be found?

A

-Adelaide hills
-less herbaceous than Marlborough SB

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45
Q

What are winemaking options for Sauvignon Blanc?

A

-Usually fermentation in Stainless Steel tanks
-lees contact or barrel fermenation in old oak to enhance texture for more full-bodied wines

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46
Q

In which region is Sauvignon Blanc blended with Semillon?

A

-Margaret River
-Bordeaux blend

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47
Q

What style of wine can be expected with Pinot Grigio/Pinot Gris?

A

-Pinot Grigio: picked early, fairly neutral veneto style
-Pinot Gris: Alsace style, picked later, fruitier more spicy and full bodied

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48
Q

Where can finest style of Pinot Gris be found?

A

Victoria: Mornington Peninsula & Tasmania

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49
Q

Where is Semillon famous for, why?

A

-Most distinctive white wine from Australia, especially Hunter Valley
-low alcohol, high acidity and unoaked
-fairly neutral when young, but great complexity with bottle ageing

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50
Q

Where is Semillon also planted? Describe its style

A

-Barossa Valley
- higher in alcohol, fuller-bodied and oak matured
-not as age worthy as Hunter Valley
-now picking earlier to produce lighter style with little/no oak influences

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51
Q

Where does Semillon produce sweet wines?

A

-Riverina in New South Wales
- affected by noble rot

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52
Q

Where are excellent Rieslings produced? Describe the style

A

-cooler regions: Eden Valley and Clare Valley
-Bone dry with high acidity (sometimes sweeter, late harvest styles)
-from apple to lemon, grapefruit to peach

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53
Q

What are the winemaking options when producing Riesling?

A

-Most fermented in Stainless Steel and sold quickly after fermentation to keep vibrant fruit and floral aromas
-premium wines: only free run juice = high in sugar and acidities and low in phenolics such as tannins
-experimentation: pre-fermentation skin contact & lees ageing to add texture and weight

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54
Q

Muscat Gordo Blanco and Colombard are used for… Where is it grown?

A
  • inexpensive wines
    -Colombard is often a neutral and cheap blending partner of Chardonnay, plantings decreasing
    -Muscat also as cheap blending partner and sparkling wines
  • grown in hot inland areas: Riverland, Murray Darling, Riverina
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55
Q

GIs consist of…

A

-Zones, regions and sub-regions

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56
Q

Which are the largest GIs? What are the rules here

A

-Zones
-No rules regarding drawing boundaries or shared geographic and climatic characteristics
-Can cover entire state such as South Australia and Victoria

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57
Q

What are the rules that apply to regions?

A

-Smaller zones, 63 in total: Coonawarra, Clare Valley etc
- min. 500 tonnes of grapes a year, across 5 different owned vineyards each of at least 5 ha
-Tasmania treated as a region, not a zone

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58
Q

How many sub-regions are there? Were are most of them located?

A

-14
-in Hunter Valley and Great Southern
-created to recognise areas with distinct topography, soils or climates

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59
Q

What do the different GIs mean for producers?

A

-range of labelling options
-Eden valley can be called Barossa,Eden Valley, Adelaide, South (eastern) Australia

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60
Q

What does it normally mean when a zone is stated on the label?

A

multi-regional blending of grapes

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61
Q

If the grape variety is mentioned on the label, how much % must be in the bottle?

A

85%

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62
Q

Which regions fall under South Eastern Australia and why is this zone created?

A

-Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania
-South Eastern corners of South Australia and Queensland
-to allow blending from grapes grown across the zone

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63
Q

What style of wine is produced when labelled as South Eastern Australia?

A

Inexpensive, high volume wines due to high yields of healthy grapes

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64
Q

Where do most grapes come used for inexpensive South Eastern Australian wines?

A

Murray-Darling Basin:
-Riverland (along murray in South Australia)
-Murray-Darling (near both rivers, located within both Victoria and New South Wales)
-Riverina in New South Wales
-3 largest wine producing regions by area under vine

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65
Q

What is the climate of South Eastern Australia?

A

-hot continental
-rivers provide some cooling influences

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66
Q

Which region within South Eastern Australia is less hot? Why?

A

-Riverland
-due to slight maritime influences from the coast since there are no mountains between the coast and Riverland

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67
Q

Is irrigation essential in South Eastern Australia? why or why not?

A

-yes, due to very low rainfall (135 mm during growing season in Riverland) and sandy soils
-water provided from rivers (although water levels lower due to drought)

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68
Q

South Eastern Australia is popular for its very big producers. Name 2

A

-Casella Family brands (yellow tail)
-Lindeman’s in Murray Darling

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69
Q

What are the 2 main grape varieties in South Eastern Australia?

A

-Shiraz and Chardonnay
-but also Semillon in Riverina

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70
Q

What is the style produced in South Eastern Australia?

A

-Medium-bodied, high alcohol, low acidity, ripe fruit flavours

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71
Q

Which higher quality wines are produced in South Eastern Australia?

A

-better balanced, more complex Shiraz and Chardonnay from lower yielding vineyards
-also other varieties suited to a hot climate: petit verdot, viognier. vermentino, Nero d’avola, Montepulciano

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72
Q

Which area is famous for botrytis affected semillon? why?

A

-Griffith in Riverina
-dry and hot in summer but..
-autumn brings rainfall and humidity, morning mist and sunny afternoon = ideal for noble rot
-Higher quality wines, labelled with individual region’s name

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73
Q

Where are the vineyards of South Australia located?

A

-South-Eastern corner close to the coast
-other parts too hot for viticulture

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74
Q

Barossa zone covers which two regions?

A

-Barossa Valley
-Eden Valley

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75
Q

What is the topography of Barossa zone?

A

-Barossa Valley: flat valley floor
-Eden Valley: hills to the east

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76
Q

Why is fruit commonly blended from the 2 regions within Barossa zone?

A

-intensity and body of wines from Barossa valley together with
-elegance and higher acidity from the cooler Eden valley

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77
Q

How many ha under vine does Barossa Valley have?

A

-11000
-one of the largest wine regions of Australia

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78
Q

What is the climate of Barossa Valley?

A

-Warm climate with hot and sunny days
-cooler nights

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79
Q

Is rainfall low or high? what does this mean in Barossa?

A

-Low
-Irrigation neccessary
-low disease pressure

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80
Q

What is the topography of Barossa Valley? Producing what style of wines?

A
  • 250-370 m above sea level
    -on the plain
    -ripe, full-bodied red wines
    -also some valley sides: cooler, slightly fresher style of wine
    -sometimes the 2 types of vineyards are blended
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81
Q

What is the soil type in the Northern part of Barossa Valley? What does it do?

A

-ironstone layer in the soil= good water retaining capacity
-producing most age worthy wines

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82
Q

What is the training system of Barossa Valley? Name the grape varieties and what style it produces

A

-One of oldest bush vines of the world
-Shiraz & Grenache
-low yielding and dry farmed = outstanding and complex wines

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83
Q

What happened in the 1980s in Barossa?

A

-Vine pull scheme to combat over supply
-lots of old plantings of Shiraz were pulled out

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84
Q

What is the main grape variety of Barossa? What is the style?

A

-Shiraz
-full-bodied, high in alcohol, high soft tannins, pronounced ripe (often cooked or dried) black fruit aromas
-Many on American oak but some on French
-Some producers harvest earlier to produce a fresher, more elegant and structured style
-some harvest earlier to produce a fresher, more elegant and structured style
-can both age, softening and developing spicy, leathery aromas

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85
Q

What is the 2nd most planted variety of Barossa Valley? Describe the style

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon
-does better in slightly higher and cooler sites
-richer and riper in style than Coonawarra
-softer tannins and higher alcohol

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86
Q

Explain high quality chardonnay from Barossa

A

-full-bodied with ripe tropical fruit due to warm climate
-premium white wines: fermented and aged in French oak, also trend for unoaked

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87
Q

Which white grape variety is also planted in Barossa Valley? Describe the style

A

-Semillon
-higher alcohol, lower acidity and more body than hunter valley

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88
Q

What is the location and topography of Eden Valley?

A

-East of Barossa
-rolling, exposed hills up to 600 metres providing cooling influences

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89
Q

The higher sites in Eden valley are exposed to..

A

-More rain than Barossa (up to 230 mm)
-wind can disrupt fruit set

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90
Q

There are different soil types in Eden Valley but what do they have in common?Explain

A

-water holding capacity
-together with higher rainfall = more dry farming than in Barossa

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91
Q

Eden Valley is famous for its old vines of…

A

-Shiraz and Riesling
-Aslo some Grenache

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92
Q

What is the main grape variety of Eden Valley? Explain the style

A

-Riesling
-1/3 of plantings
-dry, high in acidity and medium alcohol
-most in stainless steel to preserve pure citrus fruit (lemon&lime) and floral aromas
- best can age: honey, nuttiness,toast
-premium wines bottle aged prior to release to add complexity
-good to outstanding, mid to premium priced

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93
Q

Describe Eden Valley Shiraz compared to Barossa Valley Shiraz

A

-higher acidity with more structured tannins & lower alcohol
-flavours in between warmer and cooler climate: ripe but fresh plum, blackberry aromas with sweet spices from oak

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94
Q

Where is Adelaide Hills located? Where are most vineyard plantings?

A
  • 25 km east of the state capital
    -Warmer northern part
    -Now spreading to south near Mclaren Vale
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95
Q

What is the topography of Adelaide Hills?

A

-valley sides and steep hills (no mechanisation)
-elevation between 400 and 500 m

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96
Q

What is the climate of Adelaide Hills and what influences the climate?

A
  • Maritime climate: relatively high rainfall (280-320 mm in growing season)
    -cool to moderate temperatures vary due to altitudes and different sites
    -proximity to ocean
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97
Q

When does rain tend to fall in Adelaide Hills, what does this mean?

A

-In winter and spring
-can disrupt fruit set
- also higher humidity due to rain and thus higher chance on fungal diseases -> spraying neccessary, some producers want to work sustainable

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98
Q

How is the rain collected in Adelaide Hills? why?

A

-Via dams
-To use later for irrigation
-underground sources of irrigation water also available

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99
Q

What does the variety in aspects and soils mean for grape growing in Adelaide Hills?

A

-low altitude west facing slopes in north = riper/full bodied varieties
-higher altitude in centre = early ripening varieties: sb,chardonnay,pn
-higher diurnal range = retention of acidities

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100
Q

What is the latitude of Adelaide Hills, what does this mean?

A

-low
-intense sunlight= wines riper styles than might be expected

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101
Q

What white varieties are planted in Adelaide Hills?

A

-Sauvignon Blanc (28%)
-Chardonnay
-also experimenting: gruner veltliner,fiano, arneis

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102
Q

Explain the style of Sauvignon Blanc in Adelaide Hills

A

-intense ripe fruit aromas
-high acidity, medium alcohol
-good to very good quality
-mid-priced

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103
Q

Explain the style of Chardonnay in Adelaide Hills

A

-Still and Sparkling
-medium body
-intense sunlight = ripe stone fruit
-malo, oak maturation & lees ageing are common = greater texture and complexity
-very good to outstanding
-mid to premium priced

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104
Q

What is the most planted black grape variety of Adelaide Hills? Explain the style

A

-Pinot Noir
-Most used for sparkling wines
- still: medium (+) acidity, medium body, medium alcohol, red fruit characteristics
-mid - premium priced
-delicate and floral or spicy depending on winemaker
-firmer tannins than from Victoria

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105
Q

Explain the style of Shiraz in Adelaide Hills

A

-much less widely planted than elsewhere
- cooler parts: medium bodied, medium to high alcohol, high levels of fine tannins,spicy and peppery notes
-warmer vineyards to the north: full-bodied, fruitier style

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106
Q

What is the location of Clare Valley?

A

-125 km North from Adelaide
-Northern most part of Mount Lofty Ranges

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107
Q

What is the climate of Clare Valley? What does this mean in terms of grapegrowing?

A

-Warm, but cooled off by afternoon breezes and cold nights
-wide diurnal range, helps grapes to retain acidities and slow ripening

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108
Q

Why does Clare Valley have different microclimates?

A

-shallow valley with ridges and hills having valleys running between them

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109
Q

Where do white and black grapes generally grow in Clare Valley?

A

-white: higher altitude, more exposed slopes
-black: lower, warmer sites
-not very steep = machine harvest possible

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110
Q

What about the rainfall in Clare Valley? What does this mean?

A

-250 mm during growing season
-dams to retain water for irrigation
-low rainfall = water scarcity

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111
Q

When do producers in Clare Valley choose not to use irrigation?

A

-To dry farm for their premium wines
-keep low yields = more concentration

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112
Q

What about fungal disease pressure in Clare Valley?

A

-Low due to low humidity

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113
Q

Where is Clare Valley well known for?

A

-Riesling
-35% of production

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114
Q

Where do growers need to protect Riesling from in Clare Valley?

A

-sunburn
-due to low latitude = intense sunlight
-thick canopies for shading to protect against sunburn

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115
Q

What is the style of Riesling produced in Clare Valley?

A

-mostly dry
-medium alcohol
-lime aromas
-higher acidity than Eden Valley
-highlights different soil types
-good to outstanding, mid to premium priced

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116
Q

What kind of Riesling does the Slate soil in polish Hill tend to produce?

A

-low fertility
-less aromatic, flintier style
-neutral in youth but can benefit bottle ageing: honey&toasty character

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117
Q

What style of Riesling does the limestone soils of Watervale (clare valley) tend to produce?

A

-more aromatic, floral style
- can be drunk when younger

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118
Q

What are the principal black grape varieties of Clare Valley? Explain the style

A

-Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon
-med(+) acidity and tannins
-pronounced ripe black fruit, minty/eucalyptus
-good to outstanding
-mid-priced to premium

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119
Q

Where is the Fleurieu zone located?

A

-South of Adelaide
-Gulf St Vincent to north and Southern Ocean to South

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120
Q

What is the climate of Fleurieu Zone? What does this mean for grapegrowing?

A

-warm mediterranean due to proximity to ocean
-possible to produce high yields of ripe grapes

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121
Q

What is the best-known region of Fleurieu Zone?

A

Mclaren Vale

122
Q

Where is Mclaren Vale located?

A

-30 km south of Adelaide
-Gulf st Vincent to the west and Adelaide Hills to the east

123
Q

What is the climate of Mclaren Vale?

A

-warm to hot summers
-winds from Gulf st Vincent & down from Adelaide Hills = moderating effect = disease pressure low

124
Q

What about the rainfall in Mclaren Vale?

A

-low, less than 200 mm during growing season
-winters can be wet

125
Q

How many ha of vines are planted in Mclaren Vale? What does this mean?

A

-7200 ha
-great diversity of microclimates

126
Q

What infleunces the climate of Mclaren Vale?

A

-proximity to sea
-altitude:up to 350 m but most on flat, gentle land between 50-250 m

127
Q

What are generally speaking the soil characteristics in the North of Mclaren Vale?

A

-poor, lower level of nutrients

128
Q

What are generally speaking the soil characteristics in the South of Mclaren Vale?

A

-deeper, more fertile = higher yields

129
Q

Who was the main producer in the 19th century in Mclaren Vale?

A

-Thomas Hardy & sons
-exporting to UK

130
Q

What was first mainly produced in Mclaren Vale, and now?

A

-20th century: fortified
-1970s: full bodied chardonnay, semillon
-Now: red (make up 90% of plantings)

131
Q

What is the quality produced in Mclaren Vale?

A

-from inexpensive to super-premium

132
Q

Which grape variety is most planted in Mclaren Vale? and others? what is the style?

A

-Shiraz
-Also Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache
-deep-coloured, full-bodied, high alcohol, pronounced dark fruit, spices from oak
-hotter lower sites: cooked fruits&jammy
-higher elevation: higher acidity, more structured tannins

133
Q

Which style of wine has become more popular in Mclaren Vale?

A

-dry farmed, old vine grenache
-clay under sand helps with water retention
-medium tannins & acidity, med(+) body, fresh red fruit, herbal or spice
-oak avoided (overwhelms primary fruit)
-premium-priced

134
Q

Although some old bush vines.. most vines are planted on… in Mclaren Vale

A

-large vineyards
-planted&trellised in such a way that machine harvest is possible
-allows to harvest at night, keeping the grapes cool

135
Q

Why is vineyard management important in Mclaren Vale?

A

-Because Shiraz and Grenache are vigorous
-need to be managed, especially after wet winters, to maintain quality

136
Q

What opportunity is there in Mclaren Vale due to low disease pressure?

A

-Organic and Biodynamic viticulture
-own sustainable programme: Sustainable Winegrowing Australia to improve quality/ minimise environmental impact

137
Q

What is a feature of the sustainable programme in Mclaren Vale?

A

-Irrigation ( vineyards in hotter, lower areas rely on this)
-sourced from sustainable resources:dams, boreholes, recycled waste water from Adelaide

138
Q

Where is limestone coast zone located?

A

-South-Eastern Corner of South Australia

139
Q

What is the climate of limestone coast?

A

-Further south thus cooler
-summer days hot
-sea breezes moderate temperatures
-nights cool =
wide diurnal range
-flat area = maritime influence can reach inland

140
Q

Where is Coonawarra located? What is its climate?

A

-Limestone coast
-moderate comparable to Bordeaux (maritime) but slightly warmer & drier
-100 km from coast, but flat area means cool afternoon breezes can reach far inland
-

141
Q

What about rainfall in Coonawarra?

A

-Low during growing season ( around 260 mm)
- rain around flowering can affect fruit set

142
Q

Which other factors in Coonawarra can disrupt fruit set?

A

Wind

143
Q

What is another weather hazard in Coonawarra? What can be done?

A
  • spring frost
    -sprinklers
144
Q

Is irrigation widely practised in Coonawarra?

A

-Yes, some dry farmed
-water sourced from underground Aquifers

145
Q

What is the famous soiltype of Coonawarra? Explain its features

A

-Terra Rossa (red soil)
- free-draining iron-rich loam
-50 cm depth over hard limestone base = roots may struggle to penetrate
-restricting water access vines
-also slightly alkaline= restricts uptake nutrients
results in: less vigour, lower yields
-under hard limestone layer, soft layer, can store water used for irrigation

146
Q

What about vineyard prices on terra rossa soils?

A

-High
-narrow strip of land in central core of region

147
Q

What are other soil types in Coonawarra? Describe its characteristics

A

-limestone
-black clay soils
- better in water retention
-vigorous soils (particularly in wet years)
-higher yields of less concentrated grapes

148
Q

Where is Coonawarra famous for?

A

-Finest Australian Red wine, especially from Cabernet Sauvignon

149
Q

Describe the style of Cabernet Sauvignon from Coonwarra?

A

-medium to full bodied
-medium alc
-high firm tannins
-concentrated aromas of dark fruit (cassis to plum), mint& eucalyptus
-matured in oak = spice

150
Q

Describe the style of Shiraz in Coonawarra

A
  • lighter bodied than Barossa
    -still concentrated blackberry and herbal, minty notes
    -sometimes blended with Cabernet Sauvignon
151
Q

What about white grapes in Coonawarra?

A

-only 13% of plantings
-Chardonnay & Riesling most planted

152
Q

Describe the style of Chardonnay in Coonawarra

A

-ripe fruit from pear to pineapple
-good to very good quality

153
Q

Describe the style of Riesling in Coonawarra

A

-fruitier and lower acidity than anywhere else from South Australia

154
Q

What can be a major problem in Coonawarra?

A

-Labour due to isolated location
-past= mechanisation due to this
-recently: more migrant labour for summer pruning: green harvesting and leaf removal & hand harvesting of grapes

155
Q

Where do most producers focus on in Victoria?

A

-more quality than quantity with many smaller producers = higher priced
(except from murray-darling basin’

156
Q

What about Phylloxera in Victoria?

A

-Present, number of outbreaks, especially in Yarra Valley
-Morning peninsula is at risk, so strict quarantine rules

157
Q

What does the Port Phillip zone covers?

A

-area around Melbourne
-Coast of port phillip bay

158
Q

What is the climate of the Port Philip zone? Due to this, which grape varieties are grown

A

-proximity to sea moderates the climate, giving a cool growing season
-Altitude also has a cooling influene in some areas
-early ripening varieties: Pinot Noir & Chardonnay
-Alo shiraz & cabernet sauvignon

159
Q

What are the regions within Port Phillip zone?

A

-Mornington peninsula
-Yarra Valley
-Geelong
-Macedon Ranges

160
Q

How much ha under vine does Yarra Valley have?

A

2500 ha

161
Q

What is the climate of Yarra Valley? What influences the climate?

A

-Cool to moderate climate
-big variation in altitude: from 50 up to 350 m

162
Q

Yarra Valley is often split into 2 regions, name the differences between these regions

A
  • Upper & Lower Yarra Valley
    -Upper: cooler, high altitude sites in south-east
    -Lower: warmer, less altitude in the north west of the region
163
Q

What can be hazards in Yarra Valley?

A

-Spring frost in cooler years on valley floors
- fungal disease pressure due to high humidity (high rainfall)

164
Q

What about the rainfall in Yarra Valley?

A

-1100 mm (one of the wettest regions of Australia)
-450-500 mm in growing season

165
Q

What about the main soil types in Yarra Valley?

A

-Lower Yarra Valley: loamy, clay soils = low in fertility, irrigation still neccessary
-Upper Yarra Valley: deeper, more fertile volcanic soils = dry-farming possible

166
Q

Is there more red or white wine planted in Yarra Valley? Which grape variety is dominant?

A

-Red, 60% of total production
-Pinot Noir half of black plantings

167
Q

Describe the style of Pinot Noir in Yarra Valley (including maturation)

A

-light-med body
- lighter wines from higher altitude, cooler sites. whole bunch practised to enhance fruity aroma (strawberry, red cherry, plum)
-medium bodied: warmer sites, riper fruit
-maturation: new/old oak, preferring large foudres over barriques
-good- outstanding, mid to premium priced

168
Q

What is the style of Chardonnay in Yarra Valley?

A

-white peach, melon and grapefruit
-one of the 1st regions in Australia stepping away from oaky chardonnay
-high acidity with more fruit (especially from warmer sites)
-new and used oak for fermentation/maturation (larger)
-solids in fermentation to give more flavour (smoky notes from reductive sulfur)
-lees contact to enhance texture
-malo avoided
- good to outstanding
-mid to premium priced

169
Q

Where are Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grown in Yarra Valley?

A

Lower, warmer parts

170
Q

Describe the style of Shiraz in Yarra Valley

A

-medium bodied
-fresh blackberry, raspberry, plum fruit, spicy notes -> enhanced by whole bunch fermentation

171
Q

Describe the style of Cabernet Sauvignon in Yarra Valley

A

-medium bodied
-herbal characteristic
-some overt oak
-best: ageing potential
-also used in blends, especially with Merlot

172
Q

Where is Mornington Peninsula located?

A

-South east of Melbourne
-Narrow Peninsula with Port Phillip Bay on one side and the bass strait (which separates Tasmania from the mainland)

173
Q

What is the climate of Mornington Peninsula?

A

-Cool to moderate
-windy, sunshine hours can be high but due to cooling effect of wind -> afternoon temp. relatively low
-moderating effect of water -> mild autumn conditions, extending the growing season

174
Q

Is frost a problem in Mornington Peninsula? Explain

A

-Despite to cool temperatures, not a problem due to wind

175
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of wind in Mornington Peninsula?

A

-advantage: reduce risk of fungal disease, although humidity is high (but proximity to water)
-disadvantage: can inhibit flowering

176
Q

What about the rainfall in Mornington Peninsula?

A

-lower than Yarra, still sufficient (320-390 mm during growing season)
-falls in winter&spring -> can therefore be a threat during harvesting & flowerinf

177
Q

What is special about Red Hill located in Mornington Peninsula?

A

-Provides altitude up to 250 m (other areas within MP are relatively flat)
-Runs around the centre of the peninsula = variety of microclimates
-named after its soils: red basalt, retains winter rainfall well during growing season -> no need to irrigate
-but fertile thus vigour needs to be managed

178
Q

What is the soil type away from Red Hill?

A

-free-draining clay & sand
-irrigation neccessary

179
Q

How many ha does Mornington Peninsula have?

A

920 ha (low)

180
Q

What is the main grape variety of Mornington Peninsula?

A

Pinot Noir (half of total harvested fruit)

181
Q

Describe the style of Pinot Noir in Mornington Peninsula

A

-Red hill: light-bodied, perfumed red fruits, med(+) acidity,
-Lower vineyards: more intense and ripe with higher tannins
-cold soaking common to extract more colour
-whole bunch and stems = for more texture&complexity
-maturation: French oak, a portion may be new
-good- outstanding
-premium priced

182
Q

What is an important white variety in Mornington Peninsula?

A

-Chardonnay
-30% of total plantings

183
Q

Describe the style of Chardonnay in Mornington Peninsula

A
  • medium bodied
  • high acidity
    -medium alcohol
    -ranging between citrus, peach and melon
    -some lees ageing and some oak ageing (small % new oak) is common to add complexity
    -sometimes malo for rounder style
    -good to outstanding, premium priced
184
Q

What about land prices in Mornington Peninsula?

A

-High
-region also recognized for tourism: golf courses and holiday homes also competing for land

185
Q

In terms of producers, who dominates the Mornington Peninsula?

A

-small wineries and vineyards
-often with cellar door activities and restaurants to promote direct-to-customer sales

186
Q

Where is Geelong located?

A

-To the west of Melbourne
-with Port Phillip bay to the South-east (very close by)

187
Q

What makes Geelong special?

A

Phylloxera was first discovered here

188
Q

What is the climate of Geelong?

A

-Cool climate
-Port Philip Bay and Bass strait (water between Australia and Tasmania) provide moderating influences

189
Q

What about the rainfall in Geelong?

A

-Lower than Yarra
-still sufficient (500-600 mm per year) falls in winter and spring

190
Q

What is an advantage of wind in Geelong?

A

-reduce humidity and risk of fungal diseases

191
Q

How many ha of vines are planted in Geelong?

A

-467 ha

192
Q

Which grape varieties are widely planted in Geelong? Describe the style

A

-pinot noir & chardonnay
-fuller bodied and riper than yarra
-pinot noir: ripe red and sometimes black cherry, medium, soft tannins, fermented with proportion of whole bunches
-chardonnay: medium body & acidity, peach& melon
-overall: good-very good for mid to premium prices

193
Q

Which grape variety is also planted in Geelong? Explain the style

A

-Shiraz
-Medium body, red&black fruit, spicy, firm tannins

194
Q

What is the location of Macedon Ranges? how many ha are planted?

A

-North east of Melbourne
-215 ha (small quality focussed producers)

195
Q

What is the topography of Macedon Ranges? How does this influence the climate?

A

-vineyards at altitudes between 300-800 metres
-one of the coolest Australian areas on the mainland

196
Q

What is a weather hazard of Macedon Ranges? What is important to take into consideration?

A

-spring frost
-site selection important to mitigate the effects and to enhance ripening

197
Q

What are the soils like on the hillsides of Macedon Ranges, and on lower slopes?

A
  • shallow, granitic sandy loams = naturally reduces yields
    -lower slopes: deeper loams
198
Q

What are the main grape varieties grown in Macedon Ranges? Describe the style briefly

A

-Pinot Noir en Chardonnay for both still&sparkling
-Riesling: elegant, intense lemon and lime flavours
-Shiraz: distinctive black pepper, needs warmer vineyard site and relatively warm, sunny year to ripen fully

199
Q

Which main regions can be found in Western Victoria Zone?

A
  • Grampians and Pyrenees ( names after the ranges of hills)
    -Henty ( cool climate, elegant wines)
200
Q

What is the climate of Grampians? What influences the climate?

A

-moderate climate (located 130 km inland)
-temperatures moderated by altitude (240-440 metres) = wide diurnal range, helping to retain acidity

201
Q

What about spring frost in Grampians?

A

-Not a big problem on slopes
-lower vineyards are at risk

202
Q

What is the rainfall in Grampians? Is irrigation needed?

A
  • quite low (250mm in growing season)
  • irrigation not needed due to sandy, loamy soils which retain water water well
203
Q

What about the location of the Pyrenees and its climate?

A

-East of Grampians
-lower, gentle slopes than Grampians = warmer
-still similar climate/soils

204
Q

Where are Grampians/Pyrenees known for? describe the style

A

-Shiraz
-medium-bodied, peppery, spicy notes
-cooler, higher sites: fresh red fruit
-lower, warmer parts of Pyrenees: intense & concentrated black fruits
-good to very good, mid-priced

205
Q

What is the climate and location of Henty?

A

-far south west corner of Victoria
-one of coldest mainland areas: cold antarctic winds
-lots of sunshine aiding ripening
- sea level up to 460 m

206
Q

What is the main grape variety of Henty? Describe the style

A

-Riesling
-high acidity
-pronounced aromas of lmeon&lime, become toasty when bottle aged

207
Q

What is the location of North East Victoria Zone and its climate?

A

-200 km inland from Melbourne
-continental

208
Q

Where is King Valley located? How many ha are planted?

A

-North East Victoria Zone
-1400 ha

209
Q

What is the climate of King Valley? What influences the climate?

A
  • High altitude vineyards (up to 860 m, highest of Australia): cool temp, high rainfall -> disease pressure
    -lower altitude: down the valley, temperatures rise, a bit moderated by river and altitude
210
Q

What is the soil type of King Valley?

A

-well-draining loams, high fertility
-vigour needs to be managed

211
Q

What style of wine do the higher sites tend to produce in comparison with lower sites in King Valley?

A

-high: lighter bodied whites
-low: fuller bodied red&white

212
Q

What is King Valley known for?

A

-Glera grape for sparkling wines due to Italian immigrants

213
Q

Which grape varieties is mostly planted for still white wines in King Valley? Describe the style

A

-Pinot Gris
-dry, light-bodied pinot grigio style

214
Q

What about black grape varieties in King Valley?

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot most planted
-But.. more interest in Italian grape varieties such as Barbera, Sangiovese en Nebbiolo

215
Q

Why are wines of King Valley difficult in export markets?

A

-most wines consumed domestically
-competition from Italy with more competitive prices

216
Q

What is the altitude of Beechworth and which style of wines are produced?

A

-200 to 1000 metres = mesoclimates
-Chardonnay: med-bodied, med-high acidity, medium alc
-Shiraz: medium bodied, raspberry, blackberry fruit and medium firm tannins

217
Q

What are the soils in Goulburn Valley and Bendigo? Resulting in which style?

A

-warm, flat plains
-ripe, full-bodied reds
- also rhone variety whites: marsanne, rousanne, viognier

218
Q

Which part of Goulburn is cooler? producing which styles?

A

-Upper goulburn
-foothills of Great Dividing Range
-high quality white from Chardonnay and aromatic varieties: Riesling,Sauvignon Blanc

219
Q

Where is heathcote located?

A

-In Central Victoria
-along side of Mount Carmel Range

220
Q

What is the climate of Heathcote?

A

-Warm summer days
-Altitude cooling influence = higher diurnal range
-Also moderatinf effect from south wind

221
Q

What about rainfall in Heathcote?

A
  • 250 mm in growing season
    -spread throughout the year
222
Q

Is frost a problem in Heathcote? Why (not)?

A

-No due to hillside locations and wind

223
Q

What is the soil type of Heathcote? describe its characteristics

A

-red calcareous soil made up from weathered greenstone
-good water retention, irrigation not neccessary, dry-farming possible

224
Q

Which grape variety is mostly planted in Heathcote? Describe the style

A

-Black varieties make up 2/3 of harvested fruit
- Shiraz: Med (+) acidity (due to wide diurnal range), full-bodied, high alcohol
-pronounced ripe dark fruit (black cherry and plum) and sweet spices
- good - outstanding, mid - premium priced

225
Q

What are the size of producers in Gippsland zone? What about its location?

A

-small
-family owned business
-largest zone in Victoria

226
Q

What are the most planted varieties in Gippsland zone?

A

-Pinot Noir & Chardonnay
- Cabernet & Merlot or more sheltered, warm sites

227
Q

Where is New South Wales located?

A

-East coast of Australia
-Sydney in this state, big populated state
-2nd largest in terms of production

228
Q

What is the sub-tropical climate of New South Wales like?

A

-Pacific coast North of Sydney
-sub-tropical climate: moderate to high temperatures
-high humidity and rainfall (spread through the year)
-Hunter Valley influenced by these conditions

229
Q

What is the climate of other regions in New South Wales?

A

-Great Dividing Range protects from tropical weather
-inland: continental with hot&dry days

230
Q

What is the location and latitude of Hunter Valley & its climate?

A

-200 km north of Sydney
- 32-33 latitude = low, almost tropical climate = intense sunlight, afternoon clouds offer some protection to vines
- one of hottest and humid wine producing regions of Australia
- summer temp exceed 30 degrees
-relatively cool nights

231
Q

Hunter Valley is divided into 2 regions (not officialy) name them and its location

A

-Lower Hunter: Nearer to Coast -> benefits from sea breezes (slightly cooler than Upper Hunter)

232
Q

What is the topography of Hunter Valley?

A

Mainly low altitude hills

233
Q

What is Hunter Valley’s soil type?

A

Sandy loams to clay loams

234
Q

What about rainfall in Hunter Valley? What is the risk it brings?

A

-Most rainfall during growing season
-up to 500 mm
- high humidity = high fungal disease pressure
-high rainfall also means irrigation is not neccessary

235
Q

What about the harvest dates in Hunter Valley?

A

-warm climate = early start to ripening and chance of late summer storms means that…
-Hunter is the first region to start and finish harvesting in Australia

236
Q

What is Hunter Valley famous for? Describe the style

A

-Unique style of semillon
-dry, light body, high acidity, low alcohol (10-11% abv)
-delicate citrus, neutral in youth
-can age for decades: complex and pronounced aromas of toast, honey,hay
-highest quality producers will release after 5 years of ageing
-good to outstanding quality, mid-premium priced

237
Q

What is the winemaking process of Hunter Valley?

A

-Grapes picked early (to retain acidity?)
-must gently pressed, without skin contact to avoid extraction of phelonic compounds such as tannin
-fermented at moderate temperatures in ss, soon bottled, NO OAK

238
Q

What is the style of Chardonnay produced in Hunter Valley?

A

-cooler sites or earlier picking: medium body, higher acidity
-riper&fuller bodied with lower acidity
-oaked as well as unoaked

239
Q

Which high quality red wine is produced in Hunter Valley? Describe its style

A

-Shiraz
- medium bodied, med-high alcohol, red&black fruits,spicy notes
-matured in oak (large foudres so that oak doesnt dominate)

240
Q

Where is the Central Ranges Zone located?

A

-Within New South Wales
-South from Hunter Valley
-East corner of Australia

241
Q

Which 3 areas are located in Central Ranges Zone?

A

-Orange
-Mudgee
-Cowra

242
Q

What is the climate of Mudgee?

A

-Although northern most part of region and next to Hunter Valley zone, harvest a month later
-Great dividing range: some protection from tropical storms = lower rainfall (during harvest)
-late summer&autumn = dry, irrigation needed

243
Q

What is the overall climate of the Central Ranges zone?

A

-continental
-altitude can provide cooling influence = wide diurnal range
+ intense sunlight = grapes can fully ripen whilst retaining acidity

244
Q

What can be a weather hazard in Central Ranges zone?

A

-Spring frost on higher altitude = site selection important

245
Q

Which area is the most distinctive in the Central Ranges zone? Why?

A

-Orange, often labelled as orange region
-due to its altitude: 600-900 metres on slopes of Mount canobolas = old volcano
-winds can help mitigate spring frost (but also disrupt fruit set)

246
Q

What is the soil type of Orange?

A

-deep red volcanic basalt soils, yellow/brown clay loams and shallow gravels

247
Q

Which grape varieties are planted in Orange? Where?

A

-Black varieties: Shiraz & Cabernet Sauvignon on slightly warmer and lower slopes
-white: chardonnay & sauvignon blanc

248
Q

Describe the style of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon in Orange

A

-medium body. medium alcohol
-Shiraz: red fruit and spicy
-CS: black currant and earthy notes

249
Q

Where are the white varieties of Orange planted? Describe the style

A

-higher cooler vineyards
-Chardonnay: high acidity, medium body,stone fruit and citrus, malo: practised, top wines some oak and ageing potential
-Sauvignon Blanc: high acidity and tropical fruit

250
Q

What is the climate of Mudgee and Cowra compared to Orange? Which grape varieties are planted?

A

-lower, thus warmer
-Mudgee: Shiraz & CS
-Cowra: chardonnay
-riper fruit compared to Orange

251
Q

Where is Southern New South Wales zone located?

A

-Inland area
-South of Sydney down to border with Victoria

252
Q

What is the climate of Southern New South Wales?

A

-Continental
-sheltered from Maritime influences by range og hills and snowy mountains
-altitude = cooling influence

253
Q

Whcih region is most well known in Southern New South Wales?

A

Canberra District

254
Q

What is the climate of Canberra District? What influences the climate?

A

-Continental climate
-high altitude (500-850 m) = large diurnal range (warm summer days and cool nights)
-high alti = also intense sunlight which helps ripening

255
Q

What are the weather hazards in Canberra District?

A

-winter&spring can be cold = spring frost
-summers dry = irrigation needed

256
Q

Which black grape variety is mostly planted in Canberra? Describe the style

A

-Shiraz
-warm daytime temp,intesne sunlight and wide diurnal range leads to:
-deep colour,ripe black cherry fruit,high ripe tannins, high acidity
-Can be blended with viognier
-good to outstanding, mid to premium priced

257
Q

Which white variety is mostly planted in Canberra district? describe the style

A

-Riesling
-dry wines, high acidity, delicate floral and citrus
-very good-outstanding

258
Q

Where is Tasmania planted? How many ha of vines planted?

A

-250 km south of the Mainland of Australia
-separated by the bass strait (ocean)
-1700 ha

259
Q

Where is Tasmania well known for?

A

-premium priced wines
-sparkling wines
-2/3 dry wines

260
Q

What is gernally speaking the climate of Tasmania?

A

-cool maritime
-due to Southerly location 941-43 latitude) and prevailing winds from Southern Ocean bringing high levels of rainfall ( west coast, doesnt reach east)
-Southern is cooler than north due to latitude, some regions in south have longer sunshine hours, thus helping ripening

261
Q

What is the aspect of vineyards in Tasmania?

A

-north and east to maximise sun exposure (especially in the South)

262
Q

What about rainfall in Tasmania?

A

-In south and east can be dry and less humid, irrigation needed
-in north and west up to 350 mm in growing season = humidity = fungal disease

263
Q

What is a weather hazard in Tasmania?

A

-Spring frosts
-Sprinklers/frost fans widely used

264
Q

What are the 2 dominant varieties of Tasmania?

A

-Pinot Noir (dominant)
-Chardonnay

265
Q

Describe the style of a Tasmanian Pinot Noir

A

-light to medium body
-medium (+) - high acidity, medium alcohol
-strawberry and cherry, warmer = riper style
-can be matured in oak with small proportion of new oak to not overwhelm the delicate flavours and structure

266
Q

What is the style of a Tasmanian Chardonnay?

A

-medium body, medium alcohol, apple, white peach, pear
-high acidity, malo often done to soften acidity and enhance texture
-matured in old oak, sometimes proportion of new

267
Q

What about business in Tasmania?

A

-Mainly domestic, little exported
-popular tourist destination, direct sales via cellar doors
-producers: tolpuddle and tamar ridge

268
Q

What about viticulture in Western Australia?

A

-Most of the state is too hot for viticulture
-Swan Valley in the Greater Perth Zone = same latitude as Hunter Valley, one of hottest of Australia = high yields of ripe, inexpensive grapes
-Now: Cooler, South-Western corner where temp is moderated by ocean&altitude

269
Q

Where is business in South West Australia focussed on?

A

-Small production
-premium wines

270
Q

Where is South West Australia Zone located? Which are the 2 famous areas?

A

-South-Western tip of Western Australia and eastwards along the coast
-Margaret River and Great Southern

271
Q

What is the location of Margaret River?

A

-The Peninsula at the very South-Western corner of Australia
-surrounded by water on 3 sides: indian ocean to North and West and Southern Ocean to the south

272
Q

What is the climate of Margaret River and its influences?

A

-Warm daytime temperatures (34 latitude)
-oceans: moderate temperature, Indian Ocean is warm, temperatures do not drop much at night = longer ripening = riper fruit
-maritime influence = rarely spring frosts

273
Q

What about rainfall in Margaret River?

A

-1000 mm (high), most of rain in winter
-growing season relatively dry (275 mm in summer)

274
Q

What is the topography of Margaret river?

A

-relatively flat
-gentle hills&valleys
-between 40-90 metres
-low ridge runs down the centre of the region = some shelter from vineyards to the east, thus warmer conditions

275
Q

What is the soil type in Margaret River? What does it do?

A

-Gravelly soils
-free-draining, irrigation is essential (water from dams which store rain during winter)
-low fertile soils = moderating vigour

276
Q

How many ha does Margaret river have?

A

5700 ha

277
Q

What is the most planted grape variety in Margaret River? Describe its style

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon
-often blended with merlot
-med(+) acidity, med(+)- full body,high ripe tannins
-blackberry,blackcurrant,spice
-often matured in French oak, some of which all in new
-good to outstanding, mid to super- premium priced

278
Q

What are the key grape varieties of Margaret river?

A

Semillon, Chardonnay & Sauvignon Blanc

279
Q

What is the style of Chardonnay in Margaret River?

A

-high acidity, med(+)- full body
-concentrated stone fruits
-malolactic conversion is blocked, only applicable in cool years
-French barrel maturation and fermentation common (sometimes new)
-sometimes lees contact to increase complexity and texture
-good to outstanding, med-premium priced

280
Q

Describe the style of Sauvignon Blanc in Margaret River

A

-often blended with semillon (as in Bordeaux)
-high acidity
-grassy,herbaceous aroma, fruitiness from gooseberry to tropical fruits
-fermented in ss, some premium part/all wine fermented in barrel to add texture and depth
-good to very good, mid-priced

281
Q

Where is the Great Southern located?

A

-150 km east of Margaret River
-large, covers coast & hills inland

282
Q

Where are Albany and Denmark located? What is the climate and rainfall?

A

-In the Great Southern along the coast
-maritime climate
-Denmark = 350 mm rainfall

283
Q

What about altitude in Great Southern?

A

-In north of Denmark, Mount Barker, Porongurup&Frankland river = more altitude up to 350 metres

284
Q

What is the climate of Frankland River?

A

-more inland, less maritime influences
-more continental climate with a wide diurnal temperature range
-lower rainfall in growing season (220 m)

285
Q

What about irrigation in Great Southern?

A

-Mostly dry-farmed or just minimal irrigation (except Frankland River)

286
Q

What makes irrigation difficult in Great Southern?

A
  • due to salinity in the soil in low lying areas
    -water pumped in from further away
287
Q

What is mostly planted in Great Southern, black or white? name the most planted grape

A

-Black (55%)
-Shiraz

288
Q

Where is Shiraz most planted in Great Southern?

A

-Warmer areas
-Mount Barker and Frankland

289
Q

What is the style of Shiraz in Great Southern?

A

-high levels of tannins and acidity
-medium to full bodied
-fresh blackberry and cherry together with herbal, peppery and spicy notes
-good to outstanding, mid to premium priced

290
Q

Name a winemaking technique producers of Shiraz might use in the Great Southern

A

-proportion of whole bunch fermentation
-to enhance fruit and floral aromas

291
Q

Which black grape variety is also planted in the Great Southern and where? Describe the style

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon
-Mount Barker and warmer parts of Denmark
-intense and powerful, blackcurrant and herbal notes
-cooler Porongurup: elegant, medium-bodied, savoury notes

292
Q

What is the flagship white variety of the Great Southern? where is it planted? describe the style

A

-Riesling (although less planted than Sauvignon and Chardonnay)
-different microclimates but in general: high acidity with lime and floral aroma’s
-Porongurup: light bodied, toasty and stony chracteristics with bottle ageing
-good-outstanding, mid priced

293
Q

Describe the style of Sauvignon Blanc from Great Southern and where it is grown

A

-Single varietal (compared to blended with semillon in Margaret River)
-Albany&Denmark: highly aromatic,green herbaceous and gooseberry characteristics

294
Q

What is the style of Chardonnay in Great Southern?

A

-cooler parts: melon,grapefruit, less body
-warmer parts: more full-bodied &stone fruits
-often fermented/matured in barrel and lees ageing to add complexity

295
Q

How many wineries/vineyards have a brand in Australia? Was this more in the past, explain

A

-2250
-yes but small wineries stopped production and became grape growers

296
Q

What are the 5 main wine companies of Australia?

A

-Accolade wines
-Casella family brands
-Treasury wine estates
-Pernod Ricard
-Australian vintage
-87% of all exported wines

297
Q

How much wine is exported?

A

-2/3 of annual production

298
Q

What are the 5 biggest export markets?

A

-UK,China,USA,Canada, Germany
-China fastest growing due to free trade agreement
-2020: exports to China dropped due to high tarriffs on Australian wines

299
Q

What about cellar doors in Australia?

A

-very important, especially for smaller wineries
-2/3 of wine estate have cellar doors
-wine tourism: popular around bigger cities

300
Q

What has been a trend according to domestic consumption?

A

-wines made from less common grape varieties
-encourages producers to experiment with new plantings
-exports: more difficult to sell due to small plantings and thus higher prices

D3 (12 decks)

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