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Clin Med-Cardio pt 1 > Porth- Cardio phys > Flashcards

Porth- Cardio phys Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circulation consists of the _____ side of the heart

A

Right

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2
Q

Systemic circulation consists of the ____ side of the heart

A

Left

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3
Q

Low pressure system designed to collect and return blood to the heart…contains about 2/3 of the blood

A

Venous system

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4
Q

High pressure distributive system that contains about 1/6 of the blood

A

Arterial system

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5
Q

Refers to the ability of a blood vessel to be stretched and accommodate an increased volume of blood

A

Distensibility

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6
Q

Refers to the total quantity of blood that can stored in a given portion of the circulation for each millimeter of mercury rise in pressure

A

Vascular compliance

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7
Q

____ _____ is determined largely by the pressure difference between the 2 ends of a vessel or group of vessels and the resistance that blood must overcome as it moves through the vessel(s)

A

Blood flow

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8
Q

Layers of heart (from outside to inside)

A

Pericardium (sac around heart)
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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9
Q

contain gap junctions that serve as low resistance pathways for passage of ions and electrical impulses from one cardiac cell to another

A

Intercalated disks

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10
Q

Because of intercalated disks, myocardium behaves in..

A

Syncytium (as a single unit)

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11
Q

Which phase…

Na channels open, influx of Na

A

Phase 0

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12
Q

Which phase…
Peak of AP
Inactivation of fast Na channel with an abrupt decrease in Na permeability

A

Phase 1

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13
Q

Which phase…
Plateau caused by slow opening Ca channels
Ca enters cell..this plateau phase causes the AP of cardiac cells to last 3-15 times longer than skeletal muscle
*longer period of contraction

A

Phase 2

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14
Q 
Which phase...
Final rapid repolarization
-Slow Ca channels close
-Influx of Ca and Na stop
-Sharp rise in K permeability, contributing to rapid outward movement of K and reeestblishment of resting membrane potential
A

Phase 3

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15
Q

Which phase…
Resting membrane potential
Na moving out
K moving in

A

Phase 4

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16
Q

Maximum force of contraction when the muscle fibers are stretched about _____ times their resting length

A

Two and a half

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17
Q

Which class of arrhythmias are most serious

A

Ventricular arrhythmias

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18
Q

During this arrhythmia, the ventricles quiver but do not contract. Thus, there is no cardiac output and there are no palpable or audible pulses

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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19
Q

Ventricular fibrillation is fatal unless treated with immediate..

A

Defibrillation

20
Q

Can you see atrial repolarization on an EKG?

A

No, it is hidden in the QRS complex

21
Q

Six limb leads view the heart on the..

A

Frontal or vertical plane

22
Q

Chest electrodes view the heart on the

A

Horizontal plane

23
Q

What stage do the ventricles fill will blood?

A

Diastole..when the ventricles are relaxed!

24
Q

The first heart sound is initiated at the onset of systole and reflect the closure of..

A

AV valves

25
Q

The second heart sound occurs at the end of systole with abrupt closure of the..

A

Semilunar valves

26
Q

2 periods of ventricular systole..

A
  1. isovolumetric contraction period

2. ejection period

27
Q

Immediately after the closure of the AV valves, there is a 0.02 to 0.03 second period during which the pulmonic and aortic valves remain closed. During this time, THE VENTRICULAR VOLUME REMAINS THE SAME WHILE THE VENTRICLES CONTRACT, PRODUCING AN ABRUPT INCREASE IN PRESSURE**

A

Isovolumetric contraction period

28
Q

Ventricles will contract until left ventricular pressure is slightly higher than aortic pressure and right ventricular pressure is higher than pulmonary artery pressure. At this point…

A

The aortic and pulmonic valves open

onset of ejection period

29
Q

Approx ____% of stroke volume is ejected during the first quarter of systole

A

60

30
Q

At the end of systole, the ventricles relax, causing a fall in intraventricular pressure. When this happens, the blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery begin to flow back towards the ventricles so WHAT HAPPENS?

A

Semi lunar valves shut! (heart sound 2)

31
Q

Isovolumetric contraction is followed by..

A

Ventricular ejection

32
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation is followed by..

A

Ventricular filling

33
Q

What follows ventricular filling?

A

Atrial contraction

34
Q

Atrial filling occurs during..

A

Both systole and diastole

bc there are no valves between the junctions of central veins and the atria

35
Q

Right atrial pressure is decreased during…

A

Inspiration

36
Q

Preload
Afterload
Cardiac contractility
Heart rate

all affect the hearts ability to…

A

increase its output

37
Q

The amount of blood that the heart must pump with each beat and represents the volume of blood stretching the ventricular muscle fibers at the end of diastole

A

Pre load

38
Q

It is determined by the amount of blood that remains in the ventricle at the end of systole (end systolic volume) plus the amount of venous blood returning to the heart during diastole

A

Pre load

39
Q

The increased force of contraction that accompanies an increase in ventricular end-diastolic volume is referred to as the..

A

Frank Starling mechanism

40
Q

The pressure or tension work of the heart

A

After load

41
Q

An _____ influence is one that modifies the contractile state of the myocardium independent of the Frank Starling mechanism

A

inotropic

(i.e. sympathetic nervous system produces a positive inotropic effect by increasing calcium averrable for interaction between actin and myosin)

42
Q

Sympathetic nervous system exerts a positive inotropic effect, hypoxia exerts a..

A

Negative inotropic effect

by interfering with ATP generation

43
Q

What is constant across changing heart rates?

A

Time spent in Systole

Ejection period

44
Q

What changes with changing heart rates?

A

Time spent in diastole

shorter time in diastole with a quicker HR

45
Q

One of the dangers of ventricular tachycardia is the reduction in..

A

Cardiac output

heart doesn’t have adequate time to fill

Clin Med-Cardio pt 1 (10 decks)

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