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Clin Med-Cardio pt 1 > Lectures- Cardio physiology > Flashcards

Lectures- Cardio physiology Flashcards

1
Q

is defined as an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA)

A

Mitral regurgitation

*caused by any disruption of the mitral valve apparatus

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2
Q 
MV prolapse
Rheumatic fever
Infective endocaritis
Cardiomyopathy
Ischemic heart disease

..can all lead to

A

Mitral regurg

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3
Q

is the diastolic flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle (LV)

A

Aortic regurgitation

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4
Q

is due to incompetence of the aortic valve or any disturbance of the valvular apparatus (eg, leaflets, annulus of the aorta) resulting in the diastolic flow of blood into the left ventricular chamber

A

Regurgitation

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5
Q

The valve between the two chambers on the left side of your heart. It opens up enough so that blood can flow from the upper chamber of your heart (left atria) to the lower chamber (left ventricle). It then closes, keeping blood from flowing backwards.

A

Mitral valve

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6
Q

Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

A

Cardiac output

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7
Q

Resting cardiac output (CO)?

A

about 5 L/min

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8
Q

What is max cardiac output (CO)

A

20-25 L/min

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9
Q

220-age

is what?

A

Predicted max HR

+/- 10-12 bpm

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10
Q
  • Decreased parasympathetic tone
  • Increased sympathetic tone
  • Bainbridge reflex (atrial reflex)
A

physiological variables affecting HR

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11
Q

is an increase in HR due to an increase in central venous pressure that is detected by the barorecptors in the atria and venoatrial junctions.

A

Bainbridge reflex

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12
Q
  • Increased sympathetic tone
  • Increased pre-load (venous return) leads to an increase in contractility
  • Decreased arterial resistance (afterload)
A

Physiological variables affecting stroke volume

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13
Q

resistance against which the heart is working

A

After load

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14
Q

High after load, means the heart is working..

A

hard to get blood out!

ie..hypertension

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15
Q

Arterial vasodilation does what to after load?

A

Decreases! This makes workload on heart go down

i.e. ACE inhibitors

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16
Q
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory and abdominal pump
  • venoconstriction (sympathetic tone)
A

All increase venous return!

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17
Q

amount of ventricular stretch based on the volume of blood in the chamber.

A

Pre load (LVED pressure)

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18
Q

Greater the ______ _______, the greater both Bainbridge reflex and Frank Starling mechanism

A

Venous return (VR)

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19
Q

states that when the myocardium is stretched, it contracts with greater force. Good example is blowing up a ballon.

A

Frank Starling Mechanism

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20
Q

greater volume in the chamber, greater stretch of the myocardium, leads to greater contractility, which leads to a greater SV

A

Frank Starling Mechanism

21
Q

_______ is heart control that originates outside the heart for example adrenalin from the adrenal glands above the kidneys

A

Extrinsic

22
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism to increase contractility and Bainbridge Reflex to increase HR are examples of…

A

Intrinsic heart control

23
Q

Sympathetic stimulation moves the Frank Starling curve to the…

A

Left

24
Q

Represents the % of blood that is being ejected

from the ventricle per beat

A

Ejection fraction

25
Q

What do you need to measure ones ejection fraction?

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

End systolic volume (ESV)

26
Q

Nuclear imaging, MRI, Echo, CT, cardiac catheterization

A

Ways to assess ejection fraction

27
Q

(EDV-ESV/EDV) x100

A

Ejection fraction %

28
Q

Ejection fraction of 55-70%

A

Normal

29
Q

Ejection fraction of 40-55%

A

Below normal

30
Q

Ejection fraction of under 40%

A

May confirm diagnosis of heart failure

31
Q

Ejection fraction under 35%

A

Pt may be at risk of life threatening irregular heartbeats

32
Q

Vasodilation of the venous system will…

A

decrease preload

ie nitro

33
Q

When oxygen supply and demand do not match up..

A

Angina

34
Q

Sympathetic tone increases what when trying to compensate in heart failure

A

Contractility

which in turn causes an increase in stroke volume

35
Q

You are in diastole____ of the time under resting conditions

A

2/3

*this will decrease when exercising
systole 1/3

36
Q

elasticity
rigidity
resistance

all influence…

A

arterial pulse pressure

37
Q

_____ flow is parabolic, highest velocity in center (least resistance), lowest adjacent to vessel walls

A

laminar

38
Q

_____ flow is disoriented, no longer parabolic, energy wasted, thus more pressure required to drive blood flow.

A

turbulent

detectable w a stethoscope

39
Q

Vasodilation due to…

A

Parasympathetic

40
Q

Vasoconstriction due to..

A

Sympathetic

41
Q
  1. Viscosity of the blood (thickness, blood doping)
  2. Length of the blood vessel
  3. Diameter of the blood vessel
    (fourth power)
A

Variables that effect blood flow

42
Q

If the radius of a blood vessel is doubled, how much is the blood flow increased by?

A

16x!

43
Q

64% of your blood is stored where?

A

In systemic veins!

44
Q

? = distensibility x volume

A

compliance

45
Q

veins have a high…

A

compliance

46
Q

What is the velocity of blood flow like in capillaries?

A

SLOW!!! to allow time for exchange to take place

47
Q

distance/time

A

velocity

48
Q

volume/time

A

flow

49
Q

Where is velocity greatest? least?

A 
Greatest= aorta
Least= capillaries

**total cross section of capillaries is HUGE, which is why the velocity is slow here

Clin Med-Cardio pt 1 (10 decks)

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