Population, Urbanization and the Environment Flashcards
What is a population?
- can be anything
- - demographers study populations who share same geography
What are the 5 questions that demographers study?
- what is the size
- what is the observed change/growth
- population characteristics
- age, sex, structure
- distribution
What are the three main demographic processes?
- mortality (death) way people die
- fertility (born) way people add to population
- migration either add or subtract people form population
How does the population change overtime?
– population moves from rural to more industrialized
T or F, when a population becomes more developed it change
- for most making it to 40, it was important
- as population starts to develop more, mortality comes down first
- if mortality drops but population is high, it grows rapidly
T or F, in 1804 we hit 1 billion
True
T or F, in 2005 we hit 6 billion people
true
T or F, when mortality drops, fertility comes down
True, contracting society
T or F, replacement rate fertility is around 2
True
What are the few different measures that mortality has?
– how many we have + how many we lost
- crude death rate: take pop. count for given year, pick one day and that’s the count
- take # of people died out of every 1000 people in population
- it is a blunt instrument
- age is a major factor as to when we could expect people to die
What is the age specific death rate?
- take chunks of age and use same logic of crude death rate
- do it over and over for each age group
T or F, for mortality rate we choose one country as standard
True
T or F, infant mortality rates are large components
– True, this is where the age at death is less than one
– mortality is important component for infant mortality
T or F, in less developed population \s cause of death is more due to parasitic diseases
True
T or F, in more developed populations, degeneration is the causes of death
true
How are the measures of fertility different? (what is the crude birth rate)
– because fertility rate refers to the event of child birth
- we have crude birth rate
- –> take pop. one day for every 1,000 people this is how many were born
- we have crude birth rate
what is the issue with the crude bith rate?
- 1st problem is including men and women
- - only women can give birth
What is the general fertility rate? (how is it measured)
- removes men, only look at ages 15 to 49
- –> takes out the one’s who wouldn’t be preg
- take for every 1000 people
- break down into 7 age groups
- look at all of the birth rates
What is the total fertility rate?
– gives average rate of how many children women will have
--> worried about baby girl bc they will be the ones to give birth
What are the two different types of migration?
– if you move out of community but stay within borders it is called internal migration
– international migration is when you move across borders
T or F, migration is affected by push and pull factors
True; some demographers count marriage as another factor
– largely important bc of relationship to fertility
What are the four different phases of population growth?
- stage 1: high birth rates, high death rates
- stage 2: high birth rates, falling death rates
- stage 3: falling birth rates, death rates low
- stage 4: low birth rates, low death rates
T or F, if we keep pushing back on degenerative diseases we’re more likely to make it to older age
true
What is sex ratio?
how many males you have for every 100 females
– sex ratio starts higher and starts to get a little lower
what is age composition?
- average age: take everyone in population and find average age
- what is % of people at different age brackets
- –> youth dependents, working age, old dependent
- -> 0-14, 15 to 64, 64 and up
- 100x at rate of growth for different ages, only look at old people, their rate of growth is declining
- dependency ratio
- -> how many dependents we have total, youth and old
- how many dependent per 100 people
- worldwide we are getting older
- demographic dividend, when fertility rates drop we get the dividend
Where does urbanization come in?
- connects to all of the processes
- all of the people in the world, more people are living in urban rather than rural areas
- urban areas have economic activity that is no agricultural
- occurred partly bc of internal migration have spill over
T or F, as industrialization goes up, mortality goes down
True, natural increase changes
– international migration towards urban centers
define agglomeration.
– makes industrialized + city areas come together
define metropolitization.
– we get places that take on urban features.
—-> natural increase
T or F, with more urbanization comes suburbanization
true, getting areas like suburbs
How does gentrification come about?
– with suburbanization we get exurbanization
- middle of the city goes down
- someone is like this is cheap
- we get gentrification, very complex concept
– we get urban sprawls
- higher SES move in and get property they flip
- people w/ more money and large corporations
- property value increases and some residents get pushed out
T or F, responses to gentrification include protest
True
