Health and Medicine; Family

Question 1

What is health?

Answer 1

• • has a physiological component
• • when the physical body is functioning properly
• • can also include emotionnal and mental well being
• • there’s a visual aspect meaning you may not be considered healthy based on the fact that the physical appearance deviates form the norm
• • health could also be the absence of illness

Question 2

T or F, health is socially constructed

Answer 2

True; diff ideas of what a healthy body looks like which is subjective

• • often times healthy is associated w/ thin
• • also the actual modality of how diff cultures respond to ailments
• • choosing to respond to a body being sick or not doing well is a social value
• • a lot of what we define as illness becomes an illness once we’ve found solutions to them

Question 3

Define Illness.

Answer 3

• • equals physiological state + human judgement

- - varies in the degree of subjectivity

Question 4

What are the 3 categories of common forms of death?

Answer 4

• • mortality rates vary from one pop. to the next
• • when a country is less developed the higher the mortality rates and vice versa
• • what causes death is also different between less developed and more developed countries

1. Parasidic or infectious diseases (less developed societies)
2. They degenerate (more developed societies)
3. Something in social or economic environment that kill them (can be a mix of the two)

Question 5

T or F, high mortality = high infant mortality

Answer 5

True;

Why? bc simple path

• • it’s all about the average age of life
• • parasitic or infectious disease is more likely to heavily affect babies

Question 6

Define the institution of Medicine. ( as a social institution)

Answer 6

• • medicine is a practice
• • medicine as a social institution
  • -> institution is a social site
• • one that is in the business of preventing and treating illness as well as increasing life - expectancy

Question 7

Why do we see doctors as special?

Answer 7

• • a lot of training involved –> so much more than other people
• • being good at what you do is a function of what peers will say/think of what they’re doing
• • want to know someone will be there to take care of us
• • power differential
• • total power play
• • ebbs and flows –> changes over time
    
    • -> availability of knowledge
    • -> other professions that make as much as doctors in such little time
    • -> insurance companies
    • -> pharmaceutical industries
    • -> all of these start to remove the centrality of doctors

Question 8

What are the three empirical questions?

Answer 8

• • does the level of development of a society have a correlation to the aggregate rate of mortality?
    
    • -> answer is yes
• -Does that state’s involvement in making sure citizens get healthcare have an effect on health outcomes?
  - -> answer is yes
• • Does a person’s social standing have any link to the average health outcomes
    
    • -> answer is yes

Question 9

What is the correlation between culture and health?

Answer 9

– our ideas of health on the basis of our culture will provide an interface on the Medicaid info we receive

Question 10

Describe Family as an institution.

Answer 10

• • social site in charge of managing

- - think of family as a social institution

Question 11

Define family.

Answer 11

• • a group that has some biological and genetic relation
• • pool resources
• • legal attachment: blood, marriage, adoption
• • emotional bond/attachment
• • last name connects to legal component
• • quite often we associate family w/ household
• • created kinship: assigned kin
• • assigned and legal are the same

Question 12

What are the diff. components of family?

Answer 12

• • one comp. is in charge of socialization and reproduction
• • another comp. is economic security
• • provides social placement
  • -> determines where you’re socially placed for life
• • creates sexual regulation
    
    • -> who you can have children with
    • -> about marriage and children rules within family

Question 13

Who is Andrew Churland?

Answer 13

• • brought up the idea of public and private family

- - more specifically who pool resources and are somehow related to one another

Question 14

What is the difference between public and private family?

Answer 14

• • public side: caregiving and dependency
• –> children
• –> frail, dependent old people
• –> people w/ disabilities

adult siblings, aunts & uncles, couple w/o children aren’t considered family based on the lack of dependent

• • private side (family)
  • -> still that group pooling resources
  • -> affective, emotional stuff –> the love, emotional support ( doesn’t come as an expectation until after industrialization)
  • -> who counts starts to shift
  –> marriage and family is judged on the affective emotional stuff

Question 15

Describe the effect Western society had on family.

Answer 15

– nuclear vs. extended

• -> nuclear –> parents and their dependent children
  
  • –> usually think of this as 2 parents and their children
  • –> daily economic life surrounds nuclear family
• -> extended family –> other people beyond parents and children
  
  • –> multigenerational
  • –> extended being much more common worldwide
  • –> if you go w/in extended family parents and children still have that special relationship
    - –> conjugal family

Question 16

T or F, the three eras of divorce correspond to 3 eras of marriage

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What was the 1st era of marriage? and the 1st era of divorce?

Answer 17

– Institutional Marriage

• -> duty, conformity to norms and adherence to patriarchal authority
• • patriarchal authority –> land is key resources
    
    • -> a way to ensure paternity
• -> important that patriarchal authority was part of marriage
• • spiritual love and sexual restraint

– marriage was only for the enhancement of spiritual love

main grounds for divorce (restricted divorce):

- - adultery (women's was seen as grounds for ending marriage)
- - abandonment
- - divorce was very uncommon

Question 18

What was the 2nd era of marriage and divorce?

Answer 18

• • 1900s: Companionate marriage
    
    • -> 1900s to 1960s
    • -> marriage that starts to see men and women as different but equal parts components they contribute
      - - have their own departments
      - - men going out and covering economic and work aspect
      - - women: covering domestic aspect

w/ industrial revolution we have new era of marriage that is centered around the separate spheres of men and women

• • start to expect different things in marriage
    
    • • mutual respect
    • • sweet and affectionate w/ one another

New grounds of Divorce (w/ more expectations have more ways to fail)

• • mental cruelty (withholding sex from husbands)
• • failure to provide

Divorce of tolerance

Question 19

What was the 3rd era of marriage and divorce?

Answer 19

• • 1960s - Independent of Individualized Marriage
    
    • -> how well it does on providing fluid gender roles
    • -> sexual satisfaction
    • • promoting individual happiness and individual growth
    • -> because there is so much expected of marriage —> start to get this mentality that people don’t have to commit to this

            - --->  people began to fake grounds of divorce bc culturally (before) it was hard to understand divorce without their being a reason
           - ---> 1970s --> laws start to catch up w/ no-fault divorce

– 1970s – era unrestricted divorce

Divorce rate

• • high divorce rate
• • 1979, 1980 at its peak –> 48% –> this was the highest it ever got
• • higher-order marriages have predictability of 2/3 likely to divorce (remarriage)
• • Around 1962 - 1979 sharp increase in divorce rate
    
    • -> plateaus but then doesn’t seem to increase

Question 20

Define interdepndence.

Answer 20

• • having a person be apart of your growth
• • my happiness and well being isn’t dependent on ,y partner but they are still apart of the equation
    
    • • understanding my partner is also a human being who has happiness and will being that is of importance to them

Question 21

What are the stats of non-marital birth?

Answer 21

• • 40% of children born outside of marriage
• • pretty common
• • people are marrying later but are still having sex
• • fewer norms about sex b4 marriage and children outside of marriage
• • growing instances of cohabitation, sexual partner living w/ you
• • cohabitation more common amongst lower socioeconomic statuses
    
    • –> increased likelihood of non-marital birth
    • –> likelihood of divorce if they do get married

Question 22

T or F, cohabitation can be seen as a substitute for marriage

Answer 22

True;

• • in Sweden this is the case
• • however in the U.S. this hasn’t become the case yet
• • in order for cohabitation to be swapped for marriage then it has to be a long-lasting union as itself where there is no marriage happening
• • cohabitation as a precursor for marriage
• • they don’t lass that long bc they either break up or get married

Question 23

T or F, childrearing is common amongst cohabiting couples

Answer 23

True; 40% of non marital births are born to cohabiting couples

Question 24

Why is there high risk of divorce in remarriages?

Answer 24

• • mainly happens when there’s a presence of a step child
• • structure of the remarriage
• • incomplete structure for remarriage/step families
    
    • –> rules and norms of interaction are less known and understood
    • –> more competing interests btwn relationships
    • –> higher level of conflict –> more instability –> leading to divorce
    • –> ambiguity of the roles

Question 25

What are the characteristics of same sex families?

Answer 25

• • up until recently same-sex couples couldn’t get married
• • opposition from both sides about same-sex marriages
• • during the fight of same-sex marriage, opposition was arguing that they could get all aspects but just couldn’t have the label
• • tend to be more egalitarian than heterosexual marriages
• • power imbalances based on who makes the more money
• • children that grow up in gay families for some
• • social-psychological adjustments is the same
• • no influence on sexual orientation
• • children who are more likely to be reflective about their sexual orientation

Question 26

Describe the institution of family and marriage shifted

Answer 26

• -> used to be about survival

- - moved to being about individual happiness and growth