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A Level Geography > Population & the Environment > Flashcards

Population & the Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 climate case studies do we study?

A

Polar tundra + tropical monsoon

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2
Q

Where is the tropical monsoon climate?

A

Within tropics and sub-tropics. E.g. central and south America, south Africa

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the tropical monsoon climate?

A

Warm/humid climate with temps consistently above 18°C
Dry seasons and wet seasons know as monsoon seasons

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4
Q

What are the tropical monsoon regions used for?

A

Huge opportunities for farming & better food security

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5
Q

What type of farming is done in the tropical monsoon region?

A

Subsistence farming - most crops are used to support the farmers family/ little to sell. Lots of rice farming in waterlogged soils

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6
Q

Threats to the tropical monsoon climate zones?

A

Climate change changing the monsoon climate regularity, creating longer or short / wetter or drier seasons

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7
Q

Where is the polar tundra?

A

The polar regions

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the polar tundra climate?

A

Consistently below freezing
Very little precipitation & majority of precipitation is snow
Few animals & plants can survive harsh conditions

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9
Q

Population in the polar regions?

A

13.1 million - low due to unfavorable conditions

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10
Q

What type of agriculture takes place in polar tundra regions?

A

V little agriculture due to climate but majority of food comes from farming of reindeers, and ice-fishing

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11
Q

Threats/changes to the polar tundra?

A

Climate change might make it easier to farm as permafrost melts

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12
Q

What is food security?

A

Having access to a reliable, nutritious, and affordable food supply

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13
Q

What does food security rely on?

A

Food availability, food access, food use, and food stability

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14
Q

What are the strategies to improve food security continues? (3)

A

Reducing post-production losses - reduce wastage &improve trade links
Increasing food production - increase livestock & pasture productivity
Reducing growth in demand - shift to healthier diets, avoid competition in selling food

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15
Q

What can affect the amount of disease in a population?

A

Topography - drainage, relief
Tectonic hazards
Climate - seasonality, sunlight, temperature, precipitation
Air quality - worlds largest environmental health threat. Accounted for 9% of all deaths in 2017
Water quality - causes 2 million deaths every year

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16
Q

What is arable farming?

A

Farming of cereal and root crops

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17
Q

What is pastoral farming?

A

Farming of livestock

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18
Q

What is mixed farming?

A

Mix of arable and pastoral farming

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19
Q

What is intensive farming?

A

High investment in labour or capita (machinery, greenhouse, etc)

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20
Q

What is extensive farming?

A

Low inputs of labour or capita but involves large areas of land

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21
Q

What is commerical farming?

A

Farming of a single product to maximise profits

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22
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Production of food to feed a family or community

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23
Q

What are hydroponics?

A

The science of growing plants without soil by feeding them minerals within water

24
Q

What are examples of soil problems?

A

Waterlogging of soils
Salinisation of soils

25
Q

What 2 soils types do we study?

A

Podsols and tropical red latosols

26
Q

Where are podsols found?

A

Continuous belt across North America& Eurasia

27
Q

Where are latosols found?

A

5° North and South of the equator

28
Q

How does climate affect podsols?

A

Prolonged harsh winter and cool summers limit vegetation growth & therefore litter

29
Q

How does climate benefit latosols?

A

Hot, wet, and humid conditions with no seasons promotes the perfect growing conditions

30
Q

Depth of podsols?

A

1metre

31
Q

Depth of latosols?

A

30 metres

32
Q

Vegetation in/on podsols?

A

Spruce/pine trees

33
Q

Vegetation in/on latosols?

A

Rainforest

34
Q

Uses of podsols?

A

Mainly used for sheep farming/ pastoral farming

35
Q

Uses of latosols?

A

Once trees are removed soils become poor due to high rainfall

36
Q

How do humans use podsols?

A

Breeding grounds for grouses for shooting. Generates $150million annually

37
Q

How do humans use latosols?

A

Land for ranching, cash-cropping, settlements, mineral explitation

38
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease

39
Q

Define morbidity

A

Being ill or unhealthy with a disease or symptoms of a disease

40
Q

What are the 2 types of international health organisations?

A

Multilateral organisations
NGO’s

41
Q

What is the WHO’s annual buget?

A

$4.4billion in 2018/19

42
Q

What is UNICEF’s aim?

A

To protect children’s right and allow them to reach there full potential, by ensuring they have the basic needs

43
Q

What is the epidemiological transition model?
Each stage

A

A model describing how morbidity varies as a country develops

Stage 1 age of infection & famine - poor sanitation causes most death
Stage 2 age of receding pandemics - improved sanitation
Stage 3 age of degenerative & man-made diseases - obesity, HBP
Stage 4 age of delayed degenerative diseases - cancer, dementia etc
Stage 5a age of inactivity & obesity - USA, Eastern Europe
Stage 5b emergence of new communicable diseases - COVID-19

44
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

A model describing how population growth changes over time as a country develops
Stage 1- high BR, high DR - slow increase in population
Stage 2- high BR, DR falls dramatically - rapid pop growth
Stage 3- BR falls, DR falls slowly - increase slows
Stage 4- BR + DR low - population falls
Stage 5- BR lower than DR

45
Q

Examples of NGO’s

A

Red Cross - to reduce human suffering in conflict zones, and protect life
Doctors Without Borders - provides medical assistance to victims of war & natural disasters, and will enter war zones without permission from authorities

46
Q

What are the impacts of climate change on health?

A

Thermal Stress
Increased threat of vector-borne disease

47
Q

Positive impacts of climate change on agriculture

A

Higher CO2 in atmosphere could lead to increased plant growth - up to 50% increased productivity

48
Q

Negative impacts of climate change on agriculture

A

In 2010, the Russian drought left 40% less wheat being produced
Hurricanes have resulted in Mexico losing 10% of cultivated land each year

49
Q

Define migration

A

Movement from one place to another

50
Q

What is the difference between immigrant and emigrant?

A

Immigrant - arriving in a new place
Emigrant - leaving a place

51
Q

Challenges created by population growth

A

Economic losses - importing more food, and medicines
Political conflict - over no. of refugees taken in, over resources
Social disruption - pressure on healthcare + increasing house prices
Environmental degradation - deforestation

52
Q

What was Malthus’ view on population growth?

A

Catastrophe will occur as natural checks. There will no be enough food to support the population which will lead to a check.
E.g. China in the 1970’s suffered a famine killing 30 million

53
Q

Who supports Malthus’ view?

A

Club of Rome
New-Malthusians

54
Q

What is Boserup’s view on population growth?

A

People will innovate to produce more food - e.g. fertiliser

55
Q

Who supports Boserup’s view?

A

Julian Simon - the human mind is “the ultimate resource”

A Level Geography (6 decks)

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