Hazards

Question 1

When and where did Mount Ontake erupt?

Answer 1

27th September 2014 in Japan

Question 2

How many people were killed/injured/lost? (Mount Ontake)

Answer 2

57 deaths, 40 injured, 6 missing

Question 3

What caused a delay in the search after Mount Ontake erupted?

Answer 3

Typhoon Phanofone on 6th October creating pyroclastic flows

Question 4

Short term responses (Mount Ontake)

Answer 4

Prime Minister ordered military to run a search and rescue on 28th September - 40 people saved
Airspace closed

Question 5

Long term responses (Mount Ontake)

Answer 5

Tourists not allowed to return - enforced exclusion zone
Japan now intensively monitors over 100 volcanoes

Question 6

When and where did Hurricane Katrina affect

Answer 6

On 28th August 2005, the Cat 5 hurricane moved towards the Louisiana coastline, hitting the area on the 29th

Question 7

What were the social impacts of Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 7

1800 people killed, 500,000 made homeless, drinking water was contaminated by sewage for 5 months
58% evacuated + 42% stayed believing the “storm wasn’t that bad”, and that the strorm defences would hold

Question 8

Economic impacts of Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 8

$108 billion in damages

Question 9

Responses to Hurricane Katrina

Answer 9

$50 billion in aid from US government
Flood barriers built higher
Levees built to 65m deep

Question 10

When and where did Cyclone Nargis hit?

Answer 10

Struck Myanmar in May 2008

Question 11

Where was the worst hit area by Cyclone Nargis?

Answer 11

The Irrawaddy delta was the worst hit area, with 10,000 deaths due to it being a low lying region

Question 12

How many people were killed by Cyclone Nargis?

Answer 12

140,000 deaths

Question 13

Economic impacts of Cyclone Nargis

Answer 13

$8.3 billion in damages

Question 14

What caused more death, and illness by Cyclone Nargis?

Answer 14

The Myanmar government refused aid for 3 weeks before allowing the first international response unit to enter

Question 15

When and where did the Boxing Day Tsunami hit? (what magnitude)

Answer 15

The 9.0 magnitude earthquake triggered a tsunami on the 26th December, 2004, in the Indian Ocean

Question 16

Social impacts of the Boxing Day tsunami?

Answer 16

300,000 deaths
250,000 jobs were lost by 66% of the fishing fleet being destroyed
Local people were unable to feed themselves due to salinisation

Question 17

Which countries were affected by the Boxing Day tsunami?

Answer 17

Kenya, Somalia, India, Thailand

Question 18

Economic impacts of the Boxing Day tsunami?

Answer 18

$5 billion in damages

Question 19

When and where did the Black Summer Bushfires begin?

Answer 19

June 2019 in Australia

Question 20

Environmental impacts of the Black Summer bushfires

Answer 20

20% of forests burnt, 1 billion animals killed, 306 million tonnes of CO2 released

Question 21

Social impacts of the Black Summer bushfires

Answer 21

34 deaths, 5900 buildings burnt/destroyed

Question 22

Responses to the Black Summer bushfires

Answer 22

Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, and USA all donated firefighters, supplies, and equipment

Question 23

Primary volcanic impacts

Answer 23

Tephra - solid material ejected into the atmosphere (commonly known as volcanic bombs)
Pyroclastic flows - hot flows made up of a mixture of gas & tephra which flow down the volcano at speeds up to 700km/hr

Question 24

Secondary volcanic impacts

Answer 24

Lahars - combination of ash & water (often from heavy rain, or ice)

Question 25

Primary seismic impacts

Answer 25

Ground shaking
Ground rupture - visible cracks & displacement of the Earth’s surface

Question 26

Secondary seismic impacts

Answer 26

Soil liquefaction - when violent shaking causes soils which high liquid content lose mechanical strength & act as a liquid
Land slides - slope failure
Tsunami

Question 27

Backround info on the Philippines (multi-hazardous environment case study)

Answer 27

4600 islands archipelago
Population = 100 million+
4th richest SE Asian economy
21.6% in poverty
Sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire

Question 28

When did the Mindanao earthquake happen, magnitude, and deaths? (Philippines)

Answer 28

1976, 7.6 magnitude, 8000 killed by the tsunami created by the earthquake

Question 29

When did Mt. Pinatubo erupt, and impacts? (Philippines)

Answer 29

1991, 700 deaths + 200,000 homeless, EWS saved 5000 lives
500,000 people live within 40km

Question 30

When did typhoon Mangkhut hit the Philippines? + impacts

Answer 30

2018, 127 deaths, $627 million in damages, 14 million affected

Question 31

What plan is in place in the Philippines to help mitigate natural hazards?

Answer 31

Gov to spend 70% on long term defences, 30% on disaster aid
Annual budget = £284million
Difficult due to constant disaster events

Question 32

What is the Park Model

Answer 32

Pre-disaster
Relief - hours/days
Rehabilitation - days/weeks
Reconstruction - weeks/year