Hazards Flashcards
When and where did Mount Ontake erupt?
27th September 2014 in Japan
How many people were killed/injured/lost? (Mount Ontake)
57 deaths, 40 injured, 6 missing
What caused a delay in the search after Mount Ontake erupted?
Typhoon Phanofone on 6th October creating pyroclastic flows
Short term responses (Mount Ontake)
Prime Minister ordered military to run a search and rescue on 28th September - 40 people saved
Airspace closed
Long term responses (Mount Ontake)
Tourists not allowed to return - enforced exclusion zone
Japan now intensively monitors over 100 volcanoes
When and where did Hurricane Katrina affect
On 28th August 2005, the Cat 5 hurricane moved towards the Louisiana coastline, hitting the area on the 29th
What were the social impacts of Hurricane Katrina?
1800 people killed, 500,000 made homeless, drinking water was contaminated by sewage for 5 months
58% evacuated + 42% stayed believing the “storm wasn’t that bad”, and that the strorm defences would hold
Economic impacts of Hurricane Katrina?
$108 billion in damages
Responses to Hurricane Katrina
$50 billion in aid from US government
Flood barriers built higher
Levees built to 65m deep
When and where did Cyclone Nargis hit?
Struck Myanmar in May 2008
Where was the worst hit area by Cyclone Nargis?
The Irrawaddy delta was the worst hit area, with 10,000 deaths due to it being a low lying region
How many people were killed by Cyclone Nargis?
140,000 deaths
Economic impacts of Cyclone Nargis
$8.3 billion in damages
What caused more death, and illness by Cyclone Nargis?
The Myanmar government refused aid for 3 weeks before allowing the first international response unit to enter
When and where did the Boxing Day Tsunami hit? (what magnitude)
The 9.0 magnitude earthquake triggered a tsunami on the 26th December, 2004, in the Indian Ocean
Social impacts of the Boxing Day tsunami?
300,000 deaths
250,000 jobs were lost by 66% of the fishing fleet being destroyed
Local people were unable to feed themselves due to salinisation
Which countries were affected by the Boxing Day tsunami?
Kenya, Somalia, India, Thailand
Economic impacts of the Boxing Day tsunami?
$5 billion in damages
When and where did the Black Summer Bushfires begin?
June 2019 in Australia
Environmental impacts of the Black Summer bushfires
20% of forests burnt, 1 billion animals killed, 306 million tonnes of CO2 released
Social impacts of the Black Summer bushfires
34 deaths, 5900 buildings burnt/destroyed
Responses to the Black Summer bushfires
Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, and USA all donated firefighters, supplies, and equipment
Primary volcanic impacts
Tephra - solid material ejected into the atmosphere (commonly known as volcanic bombs)
Pyroclastic flows - hot flows made up of a mixture of gas & tephra which flow down the volcano at speeds up to 700km/hr
Secondary volcanic impacts
Lahars - combination of ash & water (often from heavy rain, or ice)
Primary seismic impacts
Ground shaking
Ground rupture - visible cracks & displacement of the Earth’s surface
Secondary seismic impacts
Soil liquefaction - when violent shaking causes soils which high liquid content lose mechanical strength & act as a liquid
Land slides - slope failure
Tsunami
Backround info on the Philippines (multi-hazardous environment case study)
4600 islands archipelago
Population = 100 million+
4th richest SE Asian economy
21.6% in poverty
Sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire
When did the Mindanao earthquake happen, magnitude, and deaths? (Philippines)
1976, 7.6 magnitude, 8000 killed by the tsunami created by the earthquake
When did Mt. Pinatubo erupt, and impacts? (Philippines)
1991, 700 deaths + 200,000 homeless, EWS saved 5000 lives
500,000 people live within 40km
When did typhoon Mangkhut hit the Philippines? + impacts
2018, 127 deaths, $627 million in damages, 14 million affected
What plan is in place in the Philippines to help mitigate natural hazards?
Gov to spend 70% on long term defences, 30% on disaster aid
Annual budget = £284million
Difficult due to constant disaster events
What is the Park Model
Pre-disaster
Relief - hours/days
Rehabilitation - days/weeks
Reconstruction - weeks/year
