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A Level Geography > Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Governance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of people, trade, capital, info, technology, and governance of nations across the world.

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2
Q

What is containerisation? + benefits

A

The enforced regulation on the dimensions of a container.
+increases speed of of trade
+more reliable as easier
+increased volume as containers can be packed, and not touched until it reaches its destination

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3
Q

What is a trade bloc?

A

A trade bloc is an agreement between governments where barriers (tariffs) are reduced/eliminated.

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4
Q

What are advantages of trade blocs?

A

Liberates trade - makes it free/cheaper
Increases access to markets
Increases purchasing power - can buy whatever good they might want

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5
Q

What are disadvantages of trade blocs?

A

Limited to trade bloc - Ethiopian famine 1984 the UK was not allowed to give food due to set prices
Unequal distribution of benefits - larger economies would make sacrifices so that smaller economies can benefit.
Forced to adopt trade prices

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6
Q

What is USMCA? Pros + cons

A

United States, Mexico, Canada Agreement
+ trade between 3 nations quadrupled
+ manufacturing increased so jobs increased
+ FDI increased
- most new jobs in Mexico
- migration was poorly controlled so lots of migrant workers took jobs in USA
- nearly 1.3million Mexican farmers were put of business

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7
Q

What is OPEC? Who? Why are they so powerful?

A

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
- made up of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Venezuela, Iran, Kuwait
Powerful due to controlling so much of the oil market. Can drive up price of oil by reducing production.

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8
Q

What is the TPP and TTIP?

A

TPP = trans-pacific partnership (USA + Japan + Australia + Canada etc
TTIP = trans-Atlantic trade and investment partnership (USA+EU) - failed

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9
Q

What has happened to world trade over the last 100 years?

A

The global shift has lead to a deindustrialization in richer countries and a loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector.
More than 50% of all manufacturing jobs are located in the developing world

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10
Q

Why is there a differential access to markets?

A

Trade agreements

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11
Q

What is inter-regional trade?

A

Trade within 2 different regions - e.g. trade between EU, Asia, and USA

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12
Q

What is intra-regional trade?

A

Trade within one region - e.g. trade in Asia

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13
Q

An example of unequal flow of money + data

A

Remittances to Somalia
-40% of Somalians rely of remittances to meet basic needs
-$1.2 billion in 2012

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14
Q

An example of unequal flow of people + data

A

Qatar World Cup
-1.5million migrant workers from Nepal, India, and Bangladesh were employed to build stadiums etc for the world cup
-90% of the population are migrant workers

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15
Q

What is China’s belt and Road initiative?

A

It is a plan to reroute world trade routes. It spans 3 continents and touches 60% of the worlds population.
Huge investments - a $1.5 billion port was built in Sri Lanka, which China now controls as the country could not afford to pay back he loans costs
In 2023, a report suggests the initiative has failed due to the huge loans pushing poor economies into huge volumes of debt.
China had to spend $185 billion between 2016 & 2021 to sustain the B&R initiative

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16
Q

Why has China heavily invested in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

The lack of development was seen as a opportunity for investing in resource development & increasing trade.
The investment also provides China with a huge oil and metal resource, which China will be able to get for a lower price - $170 billion in trade between China and Africa in 2017

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17
Q

How has China’s economy and influence changed?

A

Economy is 50x larger than it was in 1980’s
Has become the worlds 2nd largest economy

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18
Q

How much was the global trade of coffee worth in 2020?

A

$460 billion

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19
Q

How many people depend on coffee for their livelihood?

A

125 million

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20
Q

Describe the distribution of coffee production and consumption worldwide + data
+ an anomaly

A

Coffee is mainly grown in hot, wet countries close to the equator which are less developed countries
- Brazil grows 3.2 million tons of coffee each year
Coffee is mainly consumed by more developed countries (HICs)
- EU consumes 2.7 million tons each year
Anomaly = Brazil produce lots but also consumes lots of coffee

21
Q

How does the WTO affect coffee prices and how much farmers are paid?

A

The WTO determine the set price coffee should be bought at, which determine show much money farmers will recieve

22
Q

How are coffee farmers trying to increase their earnings + why are they losing money

A

By working with unions to cut out the middle men, who take money for the minimal services
Most TNCs will only buy raw coffee beans, and do the roasting themselves to add the value

23
Q

What is the Indian Diaspora?

A

India has the largest number of nationals living in other countries
+ lots of remittances
- large scale brain drain

24
Q

What is the difference between free trade and protectionism

A

Free trade promotes imports by reducing/removing tariffs
+cheaper products
+diverse products
-job loss
Protectionism enforces huge tariff to impede trade
+domestic jobs are kept in the country
- products are more expensive
-Less range of products

25
Q

What does the phrase ‘climbing the ladder then kicking it’ mean?

A

Developed countries want to keep developing countries where they are as it benefits them.
The WTO gives sanctions to any developing countries that attempt to use protectionist strategies to develop, which many developed countries used in the past

26
Q

What are the United Nations + when was it established?

A

The UN was founded in 1945, and is made up of 193 states whose aim is to promote international peace, security, and co-operation.

27
Q

What is the World Trade Organisation’s aim? pros/cons

A

To make trade accessible to all.
+ helped to stop any war after the 2008/09 global recession
+represents 98% of world trade
- favours the developed countries

28
Q

What is the World Health Organisation’s aim? pros/cons

A

To be an advisory role in the international public health issues
+eradicated smallpox & near eradication of polio
-Ebola management

29
Q

What is the International Monetary Fund aims? pros/cons

A

To offer financial assistance, and seeks to promote economic growth and financial stability
+can offer largescale loans to countries in need
-huge interest on loans can leave the country is a worse situation than they previously were in

30
Q

What is the World Bank’s aim? pros/cons

A

To reduce the level of poverty worldwide by providing assistance for development.
+large scale projects can be carried
-top down
-capitalist system enforced + free trade

31
Q

Apple background info

A

Founded in 1976
Based in California
137,000 full time employees
510 retail stores in 22 countries
Worth $3 trillion

32
Q

Describe Apple’s spatial organisation

A

Main products designed in Silicon Valley
Majority of products produced in mainland China by Foxconn

33
Q

Foxconn data

A

Employees 1.3 million
62 hour weeks earning $300 per month

34
Q

Describe the impacts of Apple’s presence in the countries it operates in

A

Cork, Ireland
- EU HQ which employees 6000, and creates an additional 3000 jobs
- 1/4 of jobs are filled by foreign nationals

35
Q

What is Shenzen?

A

In 1980’s, China created the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
The area was special due to it being tariff and quota free, allowing manufactured goods to be exported at no cost
Exports rose from $2billion in 1980 to £200billion in 2000
400 million people were lifted out of poverty

36
Q

What is a global common?

A

A global common is a area/resource that is shared and accessible by all, with no single governing country or power

37
Q

What are the 4 global commons recognised by international law?

A

Antarctica
High Seas
Outer Space
Atmosphere

38
Q

How is fishing & whaling a threat to Antarctica?

A

IWC made commercial whaling illegal in 1986 after the whale population decreased significantly since the 1960’s. Whale populations are nearly all endangered.
Whaling no longer commercially viable due to the low levels of whales

Krill is a key component to the food chain and due to large scale fishing the ecosystem could collapse. In 1999, 100,000 tons of krill was caught and in 2010 the catch mass doubled to 210,000 tons.

39
Q

How is searching for mineral ions a threat to Antarctica?

A

Mining would destroy the world’s last untouched area

40
Q

How is climate change a threat to Antarctica?

A

West Antarctica = 3°C over last 50 years, ice sheets thin, glacial ice sheet retreat/collapse, increased plant growth

East Antarctica = sea ice expansion, 2014 recorded an all time high of 20.11 million km, more rain and snow

Krill population could dramatically decrease due to warming temps

Ocean acidification - pH will be lowered causing shells and exoskeletons of organisms to dissolve

41
Q

How is tourism & scientific research a threat to Antarctica?

A

56,000 people visited Antarctica in 2018/19

42
Q

How is the affect of tourism being mitigated in Antarctica?

A

International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) set rules to limit damage caused by people visiting the area including ships size limits, a code of conduct, and how long each area can be exposed to people for

43
Q

How is the affect of mineral ion mining being mitigated in Antarctica?

A

Mining was banned in Antarctica in 1998 under the Madrid protocol. 41 countries signed up to the agreement in 1991 and agreed to ban all mineral resource activity.
For the ban to be lifted 100% must agree to overturn the ban
Runs out in 2048

44
Q

How does ASOC protect Antarctica?

A

The leading voice for Antarctic conservation, ASOC was formed after James Barnes found parties were negotiating for mineral and gas rights in the area. The NGO can go to annual meetings for the Antarctic Treaty System to ensure that Antarctica is being properly protected.

45
Q

How does SCAR protect Antarctica?

A

Initiates, develops, and co-ordinates high quality scientific research in Antarctica. Ensures any research done is relevant

46
Q

What is the International Whaling Commission?

A

The International Whaling Commission (IWC) was set up in 1946. It sets catch limits, co-ordinates conservation work, and provides funds.

47
Q

When was the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary set up?

A

1994, and banned all commercial whaling in 50million km2 of ocean

48
Q

When was the Antarctic Treaty signed?

A

1959, and now contains 53 countries and states Antarctica shall remain exclusive for peaceful purposes, & will not become the scene or object of any war. Every country has equal say

A Level Geography (6 decks)

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