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Geography > Population + Migration > Flashcards

Population + Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

Changing and adapting to things that might help in life

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2
Q

GDP

A

Gross Domestic Product - the total value of all goods and services produced inna country per year.

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3
Q

HDI:

A

Human Development Index. Life expectancy, education, income per capita. Scale from 0 to 1.

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4
Q

GNP per capita

A

Gross National Product per capita is the value of a country’s final product of goods and services in a year divided by the population

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5
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1000 live births per year.

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6
Q

Reasons for unequal development

A
  • Desert (droughts)
  • Landlocked countries (no access to oceans and trade routes)
  • Mountains (relief of land makes it hard to build infrastructure)
  • Conflict (migration, high death rates)
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7
Q

Name the different sectors

A

Primary — extracting raw material - mining - LIC
Secondary — Process raw materials - seperating crude oil - MIC
Tertiary — Serving/selling products - restaurants - MIC
Quaternary — research and development - medical research - HIC

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8
Q

Globalisation

A

Increasing connectedness and interdependence of cultures and economies

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9
Q

Interdependence

A

When countries rely on each other for trade, goods and information

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10
Q

Factors for increasing and decreasing populations

A

Droughts, changes in diets, education, medicine, visa, contraception, conflict, women in society

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11
Q

Reasons for high and low birth rates

A

HIGH: Lack of contraception, religious beliefs, high infant mortality, pro natalist policy
LOW: Reduced infant mortality, affordability and availability of contraception, delayed marriages, anti natalist policy

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12
Q

Reasons for high and low death rates

A

HIGH: Natural disasters, conflict, shortage of clean water
LOW: Improved diets, improved medical care, immunisation programs

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13
Q

Population density

A

Number of people per km^2

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14
Q

Population distribution

A

Pattern of where people live

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15
Q

Causes of sparse population

A

Conflict, relief landscape, no jobs

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16
Q

Causes of dense population

A

Family, health care, temperate climate (not too hot and not too cold)

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17
Q

Natural increase

A

Population is growing naturally due to birth rates being higher than death rates

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18
Q

Natural decrease

A

Population is decreasing naturally due to birth rates being lower than death rates

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19
Q

Pro-natalist policy

A

Convince population to have more children by offering incentives (money, health care, child care)

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20
Q

Anti-natalist policy

A

Convince population to have less children by offering incentives (money, health care, child care)

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21
Q

Why do people migrate

A

War, economic opportunities, environment

22
Q

Push and Pull factors of migration

A

Push: war, natural disasters, poverty
Pull: job opportunities, good food supply, safe atmosphere

23
Q

Migration

A

Move from habitual place of origin to a destination for a period of 1 year or more without intention to return

24
Q

Domestic and international migration

A

Domestic: within the country
International: within other countries or international borders

25
Q

A country which is overpopulated
OR
A country with a high rate of natural population growth

A

Nigeria

26
Q

A country which is under populated
OR
A sparsely populated country or area (at any scale from local to regional)

A

Australia

27
Q

A country with a low rate of population growth (population decline)
OR
A country with a high dependent population

A

Japan

28
Q

International migration

A

Poland to UK

29
Q

Describe the DTM

A

Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1: Death and birth rates are fluctuating and low population
Stage 2: Death rates decrease but birth rates are still high. Population also increases
Stage 3: birth rates start decreasing as the death rates continue to decrease and population increases
Stage 4: Population is high and death and birth rates are the same
Stage 5: Population decrease. Natural decrease as birth rates decrease

30
Q

Demographic dividend

A

economic growth brought on by a change in the structure of a country’s population

31
Q

CASE STUDY
Rapid pop. growth
Causes

A

NIGERIA

  • 5.4 FERTILITY RATE. 62/1000 INFANT MORTALITY RATE.
    Women have a lot of children expecting few to survive
  • GDP INCREASING SINCE 2000. NOW 440.8 BILLION USD.
    More development and medicine. people survive.
  • DEATH RATE DECREASED TO 11.8.
    Improved health care facility
32
Q

CASE STUDY
Rapid pop. growth
Impacts

A

NIGERIA

  • 62% LITERACY RATE.
    lack of education, not enough space in schools
  • INCREASING INFANT MORTALITY RATE 62/1000.
    larger workforce in the future. positive impact
  • 22% ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER.
    water shortage and unhealthy water
33
Q

CASE STUDY
Rapid pop. growth
Solutions

A

NIGERIA

  • IMR in 2004 = 6. NOW = 5.4.
    women have less children
  • CHILD MORTALITY RATE 5.6%
    family planning being introduced
  • 17% WOMEN HAVE ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIVES
34
Q

CASE STUDY
Overpopulation
Causes

A

NIGERIA

  • FERTILITY RATE 5.4. IMR 62/1000
    high carrying capacity
  • 2.58% GROWTH RATE. 62% LITERACY RATE.
    lack of facilities. homeless. people die, less people working.
  • DECREASING MORTALITY RATE = 2.57% DECLINE FROM 2021
    no balance of birth and death rates
35
Q

CASE STUDY
Overpopulation
Impacts

A

NIGERIA

  • 85000+ LIVE IN SLUMS. 27,000 DIE FROM BAD SANITATION
  • 206 MILLION POP. 50 MILLION HAVE JOBS.
    traffic increases. more pollution. lung disease
  • AVERAGE AGE IS 18. DEATH RATE IS 11.8
    increased demand for food
36
Q

CASE STUDY
Overpopulation
Solutions

A

NIGERIA

  • 5.4 FERTILITY RATE
    population planning like on-child policy
  • 648 MILLION UNEMPLOYED
    offer more jobs
  • 24.4 MILLION HOMELESS
    invest money to make houses.
37
Q

CASE STUDY
underpopulation
Causes

A

AUSTRALIA

  • 85%+ LIVE ON COAST
    middle of country is a big desert. less than 500 people live there
  • 14% OF WORLD COAL SUPPLY IS IN AUSTRALIA. 70% OF COAL PRODUCED IS EXPORTED
    not good living conditions - taken up by mines
    they have a lot of resources
  • 0.2% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE. 83 LIFE EXPECTANCY
    low natural increase and unemployment rate
38
Q

CASE STUDY
underpopulation
Impacts

A

AUSTRALIA

  • Shortage of workers = lower economic activity
  • 67 RETIREMENT AGE
    might be lowered so that more people are paying taxes
  • 55% OF POP. IS YOUNG DEPENDENT
    schools might close because of uneven teacher:student ratio
39
Q

CASE STUDY
underpopulation
Solutions

A

AUSTRALIA

  • 30% OF POP. IS MIGRANTS
    more migrants = larger work force
  • 1.58 FERTILITY RATE
    government subsidies in child care. more children because people can afford
  • off incentives to have more children.
40
Q

CASE STUDY
population decline/low rate of population growth
Causes

A

JAPAN

  • LOW DEATH RATE 11.1/1000
    increasing old dependent population. as country develops economically, money spent on healthcare so they live longer
  • 1.3 FERTILITY RATE
    education develops and so does women’s role in society. family planning, can’t afford, contraception.
  • 4.97 TRILLION usd GDP
    as economy grows stronger, families can’t afford babies
41
Q

CASE STUDY
population decline/low rate of population growth
Impacts

A

JAPAN

  • 50% OF POP. IS OLD DEPENDENT
    old dependent is bigger than economically active. unbalanced population pyramid. not enough pensions
  • 84 LIFE EXPECTANCY
    workforce has to work for longer to keep paying for pensions
  • DECREASING BIRTH RATE 7/1000. RETIREMENT AGE 64
    future workforce will be very young. retirement age might increase
42
Q

CASE STUDY
population decline/low rate of population growth
Solutions

A

JAPAN

  • 25,000 ROBOTS
    social security system. robots to provide nursing care
  • 99% ADULT LITERACY RATE
    education needs to be good quality so that future workforce can have well-paid jobs.
  • RETIREMENT AGE is 64
    increasing retirement age so that future workforce isn’t very young
43
Q

CASE STUDY
high dependent population/ageing population
Causes

A

JAPAN

  • DEATH RATES DECREASED TO 11/1000
    population rapidly ageing
  • LIFE EXPECTANCY IN 2009 = 82. NOW = 84
    developing medical health care and living longer
  • RETIREMENT AGE IS 65
    this is too low because more elderly people to give pensions and build nursing homes for.
44
Q

CASE STUDY
high dependent population/ageing population
IMPACTS

A

JAPAN

  • LABOUR FORCE DECREASED FROM 68.7 to 66.8 MILLION
    hard to support old dependent because labour force is shrinking
  • 99% LITERACY RATE
    more money (taxes) needed for pensions, nursing homes, facilities. higher education = good jobs
  • 4.9% DECLINE OF BIRTH RATES. 11/1000 DEATH RATE
    shortage of labour supply since birth and death rates are decreasing
45
Q

CASE STUDY
high dependent population/ageing population
SOLUTIONS

A

JAPAN

  • RETIREMENT AGE IS 65
    increasing retirement age for bigger economically active population
  • 1.3 FERTILITY RATE
    become pro-natal (encourage having more babies) country and offer incentives
  • TAX INCOME NOW 22.3%
    increase tax income so that pensions can be equal
46
Q

CASE STUDY
sparsely populated vs densely populated
CAUSES

A

AUSTRALIA AND SINGAPORE

  • A: 40% UNINHABITABLE. 80%+ LIVE IN COASTAL AREAS
    vast areas of desert make living there hard
  • S: 100% LIVE IN URBAN AREAS. IMR 1.8/1000
    more job opportunities. many facilities. low infant mortality rate. good healthcare
  • A: central desert regions are hard to access - trade, no available areas
  • S: next to strait of Johor. easy access to water, trading routes, agriculture
  • A: 37,000 EMPLOYEES IN MINING INDUSTRY NOW. 492.6K UNEMPLOYED
    people work in coal mining factories but there was a decline in coal mining industry.
  • S: 124000 UNEMPLOYED
    people have jobs in the city
47
Q

CASE STUDY
sparsely populated vs densely populated
IMPACTS

A

AUSTRALIA AND SINGAPORE

  • A: 70% OF COAL PRODUCED IS EXPORTED
    decisions made by government mostly for urban and developed areas. many resources available.
  • S: increase in consumption: food, water, fossil fuels, land. not much land = not many natural resources
  • A: LESS THAN 500 PEOPLE LIVING IN DESERT AREAS
    psychological wellbeing of citizens - isolation.
  • S: 118 CAR ACCIDENTS
    traffic congestion. gas from stationary cars = respiratory illness, air pollution
  • A: 63% LITERACY RATE.
    low tax yields = public spending from government. poorer quality of services.
  • S: 97.6% LITERACY RATE. 1050 HOMELESS.
    higher cost of living. housing shortages = more money/space needed.
48
Q

CASE STUDY
international migration
PULL FACTORS

A

POLAND TO UK

  • 1.3 MILLION JOB VACANCIES IN UK
    job opportunities in the UK - leisure, construction and farming.
  • UK HDI=0.93. POLAND = 0.876
    infrastructure, schools, healthcare
  • 37% ENGLISH SPEAKERS IN POLAND
    experience life abroad and learn english
49
Q

CASE STUDY
international migration
PUSH FACTORS

A

POLAND TO UK

  • UNEMPLOYMENT IN POLAND 20% AND YOU UNEMPLOYMENT IS 40%+
    not very good job opportunities in poland
  • income is 4 times lower in poland than in uk
  • pound sterling has a high value and exchange rates are higher in poland. good for remittances
50
Q

CASE STUDY
international migration
IMPACTS ON HOST COUNTRY

A

POLAND TO UK (host country)

pros:

  • 1.3 MILLION JOB VACANCIES.
    larger work force.
  • 800,000+ MIGRANTS FROM POLAND
    cheaper and more flexible labour
  • GDP = 3.187 TRILLION DOLLARS
    higher tax revenue. more tax expenditure on schools, road, facilities

cons:

  • AVERAGE 115 HOURS IN TRAFFIC YEARLY
    congestion, strain on traffic infrastructure.

-leakages: when money leaves the economy e.g. remittances

  • 26 MILLION + HECTARES OF TREES LOST 2014-2018
    environment damage and deforestation for fuel
51
Q

CASE STUDY
international migration
IMPACT ON COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

A

POLAND(country of origin) TO UK

pros:

  • GDP INCREASED BY ABOUT 5.6% 2020 TO 2022
    remittances. pound sterling has a higher value.
  • UNEMPLOYMENT RATE WENT DOWN FROM 12.8% IN 2019 TO 5.2% IN 2022
    decreased unemployment rate
  • paying fewer benefits = more money spent on facilities and pensions

cons:

  • GDP: 674 BILLION
    decreased tax revenues/expenditures. reduce in pensions and money spent on schools/hospitals. negative multiplier effect.
  • 124 PEOPLE PER KM SQUARED
    sparse population. abandoned settlements.
  • xenophobia, prosecution. bad psychological wellbeing. high cost of living

Geography (6 decks)

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