population in Pak

Question 1

population pyramid

Answer 1

also called an age pyramid or age picture diagram
a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various groups in the population of a country
helps in economic planning of a country and guides about taking steps to control a high population growth rate

Question 2

avg life expectancy

Answer 2

it means the avg number of years an individual is expected to live when they are born. In Pak, like other countries , avg life expectancy has been increasing due to a number of factors

Question 3

population growth

Answer 3

it is defined as the difference bw birth and death rates and migrations (Difference of immigrants and emigrants)
Pak population = 130.58 MM according to march 1998 census
55% increase in population from the 1981 census w an annual growth rate of 2.6%
2017 census: total population = around 210M

Question 4

natural increase in population

Answer 4

defined as the difference bw birth and death rate calculated over a period of time

Question 5

rzns for high population growth

Answer 5

declined death rate due to improved medical facilities, literacy rate and production of better quality food
trend of having large families (many prefer 7-8 children ( poor farmers believe that more children = share economic burden by working on farms
early marriages (increases fertility span; a girl getting married in early 20s is likely to have more children than a girl married in her late 20s)
religious beliefs (many ppl strongly resist family planning programs considering it un islamic as they believe that Allah makes arrangements for provision of all needs of life; many scholars also oppose it, considering it as an interference w the dictates of nature)
desire for sons (many couples keep producing children until the birth of a son = greater family size)
poor literacy rate (50% pakistanis still iliterate ; illiterate couples dont understand benefits of small families; poor knowledge regarding use of contraceptives
inconsistent population welfare policies/ fam planning schemes due to political and social instability and frequent change of govt + poor advertisement campaign due to social and cultural restrictions
arrival of Afghan refugees since 1980 who do not observe any family planning (1.8 M still in Pak)

Question 6

effects of a high population growth rate

Answer 6

increase in the young segment of dependency ratio (0-15) = increased child labor as more ppl have to share the economic burden of the fam
burden on economic resources = govt has to spend more to provide edu, healthcare, jobs and housing facilities to a greater number of ppl
adverse effects on health of family f they r living in congested space
more unemployment = rise in crime rate due to prolonged state of unemployment = more poverty/poor health
more rural to urban migration due to failure to find job in rural areas
adverse effects on woman health due to small interval bw many births
greater number of healthy adults = more workforce available for primary secondary and tertiary sectors of economy

Question 7

measures to reduce high population growth to ensure better economic development

Answer 7

controlling high population growth rate:
creating awareness among rural ppl
improving family planning efficiency and encouraging NGOs eg Green star and Green key
seeking support of religious scholars to influence masses
provision of cheap contraceptives esp in rural areas ; utilizing LHWs (lady health workers) to educate rural women abt family planning while distributing contraceptives

adopting strategy of human resource development by:
improving female literacy and creating jobs for women cuz working women = lesser no. of children cus they dont get married at early age = better family planning knowledge and use of contraceptives = educated women ambitious to improve social status = influence less educated women to have less children
priority to providing edu , including adult learning schemes and distance learning
introducing technical training schemes

Planned utilization of natural resources:
maximizing crop production
improving milk and meat yield of life stock
comprehensive planning to improve fishing and mining industries; urgent steps for extracting huge mineral deposits in Balochistan
implementing concept of public-priv sector partnership for better exploitation of natural resources

Question 8

reasons for decline in death rate

Answer 8

more awareness abt personal fitness thru social media since 2010
growth of fitness centres; more parks
safe drinking water and better quality food
improved preventive and curative medical care: vaccination schemes, more effective medicines, increased no. of docs and hospitals
improved standard of living

Question 9

A and D of decline in death rate

Answer 9

A:
more experienced ppl hired by pub and priv sectors as consultants, retired ppl from armed forces preferred due to their fitness
advice from elderly to young to manage domestic affairs
healthy grandparents = babysitters
moral training for children and grand children as well as to ppl around them
Muslim fams: presence of elderly = blessing of God

D:
increase in old dependency ratio
extra spending on medical care of elderly = economic difficulties (nursing care needed for chronically ill and bed ridden aged members of fam)
govt has to give pension to retired employees for many years = burden on govt resources
clash of ideas bw grandparents and grandchildren over changing social and cultural values (generation gap)

Question 10

population movement push factors operating from rural side

Answer 10

mechanization in agriculture = only few workers needed to run machinery = less manual labor = unemployed ppl migrate to cities
poor crop yield due to floods, pests and droughts. yield = low for many years = families leave their villages
uncultivable land (overgrazing, waterlogging)
high population growth = failure of land to satisfy needs of large families and not enough land for each heir
increased inflation = increased poverty = poor farmers forced to migrate
poor lifestyle (health, edu, entertainment) push rural ppl to cities
limited variety of jobs in rural areas

Question 10

population movement pull factors operating from urban side

Answer 10

plenty of jobs
better paid jobs = improving standard of living
better services
more reliable sources of food and cheaper prices of various commodities
Glamor/ bright lights factor (rural ppl attracted to busy lifestyle of big cities)

Question 11

problems resulting from rural - urban migration

Answer 11

housing problems:
rapid urbanization and higher pop grow = unusual pressure on housing sector leading to
poor living conditions
more health hazards due to poor exposure to sun, poor ventilation and congested
worse in slums and squatter settlements as many migrants are forced to live there
katchi abadis = unplanned, lack a proper layout, poorly built, irregular and unregistered housing settlements
pressure on civic agencies to provide basic amenities of life (gas, power, safe water, sewerage system)
exploitation of poor migrants by owners of small sized housing units: expensive living

Environmental degradation and pressure on infrastructure:
more pollution as more fuel is burned; firewood and animal dung is used as fuel by dwellers of katchi abadis = more air pollution
disposal of untreated solid waste by greater number of ppl = presure on waste management authorities eg WASA
migrants in poor housing settlements = illiterate and negligent of hygienic living; dispose waste more carelessly, = air pollution
more emission of transport fuel (second hand vehicles which emit toxic gases in greater proportion)
each vehicle in Pak emits 15-20 times ore pollutants than the average vehicle in a developed country

sprawling growth of cities
growth of katchi abadis in suburban areas contribute to unplanned expansion of cities in all directions
illegal construction of houses and shops built for bribing concerned authorities
expanding cities reach rural = agricultural land sacrificed
management of such cities = difficult = corruption

growth of anti social activities and terrorism:
decreased job opportunities
prolonged state of unemployment = frustration = drug addicts and criminals and terrorists

psycho social problems
rural families affected first as male members migrate leaving them at mercy of others
partial loss of agricultural force and gradual de population of rural areas
migrant families prone to psychological stress due to unemployment and huge fam = strained fam relations and domestic violence, child abuse, drug addiction = increased murder and suicide

Question 12

solutions to reduce rural to urban migration

Answer 12

awareness of adverse consequences of rapid pop growth
balance bw resources and population by max utilization of natural and human resources
promote fam planning programs
educational and training programs in rural and urban
introducing rural uplift schemes eg rural electrification and intro of farm to market and farm to factory roads
developing cottage and craft by providing loans and simple machinery
promoting culture of self help schemes (self employment, growing own food, improving their housing units, maintaining effective water and sanitation). Many NGOs can also encourage communities for this

Question 13

causes of overseas migration

Answer 13

reconstruction of Europe after WW2 needed huge workforce; honest and efficient pak workers migrated on large scale 1950s onwards
1970s onwards: oil boom phenomenon and the resultant development projects in middle east; pak provided cheap and efficient labor
relaxed immigration laws of UK and the commonwealth states in the 1960s, immigration policies by various states like canada, australia and new xealand since 1980s due to unusually low population growth of these countries
better salaries offered by advanced economies of the west and middle eastern states
organized lifestyle w out injustice, corruption, cheating in most of the established economies hence no unnecessary stress
glamorized and fast lifestyle of west in general and USA attracts many paks
political instability and uncertainty in Pak + growing terrorism and violence in major cities = leave pak
business visa schemes of USA and canada offer more attraction to rich pakis

Question 14

A and D of out migration

Answer 14

A
foreign exchange remittances; govt gets more funds for development schemes
cultural ties strengthened
flow of info and modern tech
overseas pakis invest w greater confidence and capital due to better earning
pressure on employment providing bodies is relieved
D
loss of highly educated ppl, talented class and technical workforce
skilled professionals and trained ppl eg doctors and engineers offer their services in other countries while they are need in Pak
workers needed for development
cultural and psycho social problems for many overseas pakis: clash of cultural values faced by children as they grow up in western countries = difficult to find suitable match for children
recent wave of terrorism created more problems for overseas pakis (many discriminatory laws put them in srs situations eg ban on hijab in france)

Question 15

seasonal migration in Pak

Answer 15

common in some areas
transhumance in northern mountains (herdsmen migrate w flock up to cooler pastures and valleys in summer and to plains in winters)
ppl of GB and extreme north of Pak migrate to less cooler places in winter
poor ppl from p and s migrate due to unpredictable and seasonal droughts (in search of water, food and jobs to big cities)
destruction of crops, livestock and mudhouses by severe floods = rural communities of P and S living closer to Indus river migrate during rainy szn July-sept (flood victims also migrate temprarily to safer places)
poor ppl from nearby areas migrate in april may to earn by participating in harvesting of wheat in big farms of P and S (same in oct nov for harvesting of Khariff crops)

Question 16

unemployment

Answer 16

state of being unable to find a paid job

Question 17

underemployment

Answer 17

it applies to the persons not having enough paid work or not doing work that makes full use of their skills and abilities

Question 18

overemployment

Answer 18

it is a state of excessive employment in which the demand for labor in any sector of economy exceeds the available supply. in such a case the employees can not reduce the time or the number of hours they spend earning an income

Question 19

disguised unemployment

Answer 19

it refers to a condition where part of the labor force is either left without work or is working in a redundant manner where worker productivity is zero eg when productivity is low and too many workers are filling too few jobs

Question 20

causes of unemployment

Answer 20

high rate of population growth and less jobs
demand of workers in agricultural sector decreased due to mechanization
advanced info tech lowered demand for manual workers in various offices of urban areas
less investment in economic activities eg industry, trade, farming etc
mismatch bw demand and supply of labor force due to the unavailability of skilled labor
rural urban migration = rural migrants compete w urban settlers in finding a job = unemployment
political instability and frequent changes in govt slow down economic growth and industrial expansion eg terrorism and violence in Karachi has created an unfavorable environment for employment opportunities = investors reluctant to invest in troubled cities
pressure on productivity of land; failure of land to continue to feed an increasing number of of family members of the farmers
culture of overspending among rich pakis = lesser savings = lesser funds w govt to start development schemes

Question 21

effects of unemployment

Answer 21

high population growth rate = avg size of fam increases = all members fail to get some job and inflation continues to increase = poverty increases
high dependency ratio = unemployment results in a greater degree of physical and mental stress = increase in crime rate, domestic violence, drug addiction and terrorism
decreased purchasing power of the ppl due to decrease in wages and salaries - decreased demand for various products = decreased industrial output = slowed pace of economic growth = exports decline and worsens an already negative BOP
Lesser amount of taxes collected by govt as greater number of ppl fail to pay taxes due to lesser income = govt has to raise tax rate = more economic difficulties for ppl
eventually govt compelled to borrow from other countries and international fiscal bodies like IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the WB (World Bank)
lack of funds w govt = local and foreign investors feel reluctant to invest in various schemes as they expect low returns and profts
underutilization of human resources and lesser generation of funds = low GDP and GNP growth rates

Question 22

employment generation programmes through literacy and training schemes

Answer 22

training labor force to meet rural requirements:
Paks economy mainly depends on agriculture as it provides employment to 42.10% of population
in order to meet requirements of agricultural sector labor force should be trained by these measures:
establishment of training institutions where agriculture is taught as a basic subject along w formal primary and secondary edu
compulsory enrollment of young rural ppl to these institutions
attachment of these institutions to model farms for practical demonstration
establishment of workshops to train farmers about maximizing agricultural yield
offering technical training to ppl abt repairing and maintaining agricultural machinery
establishment of training centres in rural areas for development of cottage industries in order to provide enough employment opportunities to rural population; intro of micro finance schemes to help them by simple machinery

Training labor force to meet industrial requirements:
present industrial plants require skilled labor force w a potential to work w changing production of technology
establishment of special training centres all over the country depending upon particular type of industries in diff areas eg TEVTA (technical education vocational Training Authority) is training thousands of job seekers
such programmes can deal w the following issues:
specialized training according to requirements of particular industries
good understanding of basic function of industrial plant
maintenance of plant and machinery
handling new, sophisticated machines thru practical demonstration
regular in service refresher courses for industrial workers
sending of trainees abroad to centres of excellence in highly specialized techniques
training for managerial staff

Training for Labor force to meet tertiary sector requirements:
tertiary sector employs abt 33% of educated and trained labor force
sector includes various services like health care, education, banking, insurance, jobs as compared to the primary and secondary sectors
pak needs skilled electricians, shop supervisers , trained tchrs and doctors etc ; self employment schemes eg ‘Chief Minister’s Rozgar scheme’ can help such ppl significantly; under these schemes the unemployed youth is provided auto Rikshaws and taxis on soft term loans
special training programs can be formulated after analyzing the requirements of each profession eg training special guides for tourism industry

Question 23

sectors of employment/economy

Answer 23

Primary: fishing, mining, forestry, agriculture; largest sector of economy but gradually shrinking due to rural urban migration, improved literacy and growth of other sectors

secondary: large and small scale manufacturing and processing industries; least developed sector due to power shortage crisis, political instability and lack of investment by various govts in large scale industries

tertiary: social and financial services eg edu, health, tourism, transport etc. faster growth due to availability of huge range of jobs in this sector and involvement of priv sector on large scale; huge potential of development in tourism industry but neglected by govt and affected by increased terrorism since 1990s

Question 24

illiteracy

Answer 24

ppl who can’t read and write. a literate person can read a letter to them in urdu and put down their signature

Question 25

reasons for illiteracy in Pak

Answer 25

poor spending on edu by various govts since 1947. huge chunk of budget spent of defence due to indian threat + debt repayment and repayment of loans to countries and donor bodies
poor working conditions in school located in remote and underdeveloped areas eg southern punjab and several parts of s and kpk and most of balochistan; in many rural areas there are no buildings and classes are held in shades of trees
high drop out rate due to poor conditions and culture of corporal punishment by the poorly paid primary and secondary school tchrs
phenomenon of ghost schools: school buildings available but no classes held and tchrs keep drawing salaries in some parts of Pak ( a massive crackdown was conducted against them in late 1990s
lack of tchr training institutes for several decades (only recently some progress has been made in this regard)
rural communities show no interest in formal edu as they prefer to keep their children engaged on their farms; opposition by parents and religious community to female edu in such areas
expense of uniform, stationary and transport difficult to afford by poor ppl as govt does not provide these
lack of incentives for tchrs appointed in rural areas

Question 26

effects of illiteracy

Answer 26

unemployment as an illiterate person has little job opportunities
high birth rate cus illiterate families dont understand family planning, use of contraceptives and benefits of small families and space bw births
rural urban migration in order to get jobs = adverse effects of this on both areas
adverse psychological effects like frustration and disappointment = increased crime rate due to prolonged state of unemployment
more chances of drug addiction
govt has to spend more to initiate adult edu

Question 27

measures to overcome illiteracy

Answer 27

more budgetary spending on primary edu (gradual implementation of compulsory and free primary edu)
more teacher training institutes esp for females of rural areas
strict monitoring tchrs and schools in remote and rural areas
better salaries and provision of security for tchrs working in underdeveloped areas
support of rural religious community should be sought so that they encourage the ppl for sendin children esp daughters to school
public priv partnership schemes to set up more primary and secondary schools
encouraging NGOs like the Aga Khan Foundation, AKRSP, TCF etc should be encouraged by govt
public awareness schemes launched thru TV and radio
distance learning schemes introduced for primary classes by preparing a team of IT experts

Question 28

self help schemes

Answer 28

a self help scheme is defined as a process in which ppl of an underdeveloped area voluntarily work tgt for collective welfare. they make a team to raise funds that are spent on maintenance of roads, clean water supply, better sewerage and sanitation. also set up primary edu and health care centres w out depending on govt. unfortunately there are not many such schemes in Pak. however those set up by philanthropic ppl have become a model for others to follow
eg: OPP (Orangi Pilot Project) / OWP, Karachi, 1980 and Khuda Ki Basti (Gods town) , Gadap town, Karachi

Question 29

A and D of self help schemes

Answer 29

A:
reduced poverty due to self employment
greater sense of responsibility to keep healtheir and cleaner environment = lesser dependence on govt
gradually a community may pressurize govt to improve water gas and power supply in the area
motivation among ppl to utilize skills of their community
check on the intrusion of unwanted ppl
more educational and small healthcare units may be set up by various NGOs
improved awareness abt health = community members may build parks and playgrounds in their areas
generating funds = small solar power units may be set up to get rid of power shortage crisis
D:
high prices of construction material
lesser savings w low income groups; lesser funds
such projects take long time and sometimes are abandoned
chances of corruption and mismanagement of funds = reduced chances of success
shortage of dynamic and motivated leadership; differences among community members slow down pace of development
lack of skilled ppl to manage such projects (not many ppl like dr akhtar of OPP)
more rural ppl attracted to such settlements
political instablity and changing of govts = adverse effects on such projects
growing crime rate frustrate the motivated and sincere individuals and grps to accomplish such schemes

Question 30

population density

Answer 30

avg number of ppl living per sq unit area/sq km

Question 30

population distribution

Answer 30

refers to pattern of the spread of ppl in an area

Question 31

factors affecting population density and distribution

Answer 31

Natural/Physical:
type of land/soil: low density in rugged and desert areas, high density in plain areas w fertile soil
climate: semi arid of u and l indus plains and coastal climate areas have high pop density; desert areas and sw balochistan = low pop density due to hot symmers and n mountains have less pop density due to extreme winters
water and natural veg: areas of IRS and lakes in P and S have high density; deserts in P and S and B have low density, lush green valleys of swat and neighboring areas = relatively high pop density whereas barren areas of Indus and most of sw Balochistan = low pop density
natural routes: valley towns w mountain passes have high density eg Peshawar, Banu, Kohat; areas around mountains of Safed Koh, Karakoram and Hindu Kush have low density

Human fators
social: better services = high density in urban (rural urban migration)
economic: major cities = better job opportunities = high densities; efficient transport system, trade and business = high density cuz tourism facilities
political: new towns like islamabad and planned settlements in outskirts of major cities = high pop density due to priority given by govt. these have better facilities, more chances of jobs and a planned lifestyle

Question 32

sustainable population growth

Answer 32

refers to a size of population that can be effectively supported by an economy’s resources at all times. this means a controlled rate of population growth that does not strain the economic resources. it can be achieved by:
developing resources in proportion to population growth so that a balance is attained bw resources and population
long term planning to control a high pop growth
creating awareness avt undesirable consequences of a high population growth
implementing family planning programmes more effectively