agricultural development Flashcards
types of agriculture
- crop farming/ arable
- livestock
- fruit
subsistence farming
crops frown to satisfy needs of farmer
traditional methods (wooden plough, persian wheel, dependence of rainfall)
natural manure, animal dung
cash crop/commercial farming
crops frown with the purpose of selling yield and earning profits
modern methods (tube wells, perennial canals, chem fertillizer, machinery, pesticides, insectisides, HYV and GM seeds
types of crops
rabi
sown in early winter harvested eaarly summer
wheat, grams, barely
kharif
sown early summer harvested early winter
rice, cotton, sugarcane, pulses, millet, maize, tobacco etc
wheat growing regions
several parts of upper and lower indys plains ( P&S), valley areas of kpk eg bannu, swat, peshawar, balochistan jaffarabad amd nasirabad
wheat requirments
stiff loamy soil
mild temp 15-25
moderate rain from western depressions/ irrigation
little shower before harvest
process of wheat cultivation
sowing on ploughed field
1st irrigation spell = one month after sowin, 2nd one month before harvesting
harvesting and threshing (grain from chaff)
for barani farms:
sown early winter
crops grow w increasing rainfall (15-40mm)
mild temps 4-19
grain begins to swell w higher rainfall 80-100mm
ripening of crop w gradually increasing temp 12-25
harvesting early summer
uses of wheat output
stored for farmer fam and supplied to market
wheat flour = bakery = high staple
by product:
chaff: fodder for livestock, buildin mudhouses, paper and chip boards, wheat store
rice areas of cultivation
Punjab: sialkot, shekhupura, gujranwala
Sindh: Larkana and Dadu
KPK: small scale peshawar and other valley areas
rice requirements
loamy soil w impervious sub soil to retain water
temp 20-30
rain 2000mm/irrigation
human inputs
rice process of cultivation
seeds sown in nurseries till they reach height of 9 inches
nurseries transplanted to alr irrigated fields flooded to depth of 30-37 cm
water drained off j before harvest
grain from husk
uses of rice output
rice grain = rice mill for polishing and packing
polished grain = domestic consumers and markets
high staple food
by product:
husk: fodder by livestock, mud roofs, factories for cardboard
sugarcane areas of cultivation
Punjab: Kasur, Okara, Faisalabad, Rahimiyar Khan
Sindh: Nawabshah, hyderabad
KPK: Peshawar and Mardan
requirements for sugarcane
medium loamy and clayey soil w constant addition of manure and fertilizers
temp 25-35
rain 1520 mm/irrigation
human inputs
process of sugarcane cultivation
ploughing: 30 cm tall stalks 30 cm apart from eo april/may
irrigation spells 20-25
fertiliizers, insectisides etc
cane 6-7 ft, ratooning (some part of cane stalk left in ground)
chalk to remove dirt and smell
bundles loaded to vehicles and quickly transported to nearby sugar mill
cotton areas of cultivation
Punjab: Faisalabad, Khanewal, Bahawalpur, Multan
Sindh: Sanghar, Nawabshah
Balochistan: Lasbela (new)
cotton requirements
medium loamy soil + fertillizers and manure
temp 25-35 (sensitive to frost)
rain 1000m frequent showers, sunny intervals/irrigation
human inputs
process of cotton cultivation
seeds sown at 30-45 cm distances early summer
first spell after 1 month, 2nd after another 2 months
ripens in dry months oct-nov, to reach 135-150 cm height
size of cotton boll depends on seed variety and fertilizer
chem spray when crop mature
bolls transported to ginning mill after picking = seeds seperated from lint
lint: sent to yarn mill for making cotton yarn.
cotton yarn made by spinning lint fibres
cotton cloth by weaving in textile mill
by product:
seeds: next crop, extraction of oil, animal feed
tobacco
kpk and some parts of northern punjab
imp cash crop: raw material fro cigs manufacturing
millets
can be grown on variety of soils even poor ones
many parts of Punjab (potwar region), many parts of KPK and Sindh
fodder for livestock and poultry, inferior grain for poor subsistence farmers
maize
mainly in KPK and some parts of Punjab
corn flour, custard powder, etc
food grains for poor farmers
raw material for edible oil production
pulses and grams
many parts of P&S and few districts of KPK
pulses enhance soil fertility by fixing nitrogen
source of plant protein, popular diet for poor
famouse varieties: Mung, Masar, Mash, Chana
oilseeds
variety of soils even desert soils
northern and southern punjab, many parts of Sindh
only 32% production meets local needs, 68% imported
sunflower, soya bean, mustard, sesame = extract oil
linseed and castor = industrial
livestock farming subsistence types
Nomadic
Transhumance
settled
nomadic livestock
practiced by nomadic ppl of Balochistan and desert areas of P&S
move from place to place w animals in search of food and water
sheeps, goats, camels
sheep and goat = milk and meat, camels = means of transport and camel hide = making tents
grazing ground or water source = settle there for a few days
transhumance livestock
seasonal migration
cattle, yak, dzu
animals kept high up in the pastures in summer and brought down to lower levels inn winters
animals often kept in sheds
western mountains: goat, sheep, cattle
meat, dairy products & wool
settled livestock
villages on P&S
cows, buffalos, hens = eggs, milk to be consumed by fam
excess milk = processed = butter or ghee, cheese, yogurt
inputs derived from nature, traditional processes followed
wool or meat sold = buy more animals and necessities of life
livestock commercial farming
practiced either on small scale by priv owners or large scale by govt owned or military farms
1990s involvement of major and multinational investors like nestle = farming boosted
bulk of livestock products supplied by small scale priv owners though they dont use all scientific methods
urban supplies of milk = buffalo herds in the cities
commercial dairy farms set up on vacant plots = lack appropriate drainage of water supplies = incompatible w modern hygiene city life
fodder brought by nearest crop growing area (lorries)
cattle dung collected and dried = plastered on wall = sold to market as manure or domestic fuel
australian designed dairy farms for Isl and Karachi (govt fairy farm for quetta)
scientific breeding methods (cross breeding) = increase fertility rates and better diets are in use in many such farms
early weaning diets = rearing buffalo and cow calves to save milk for human consumption
improve vetinary facilities = hired staff trained
advantages of livestock farming
provide draught power in farming process (ploughing, threshing and harvesting), transporting materials, running persian wheel
source of food: cows & buffalos = meat and milk = ghee and butter, cow dung = cheap fuel, chicken = meat and eggs
provides raw materials to domestic industries (hides, skins, wool, animal hair and bones) for leather, woolen, textile industries and carpet and rug industries
contributes 10% GDP
disadvantages of livestock farming
lack of grazing grounds
grazing unirrigated fields = soil erosion
high prices of animal feed, gap in prices of livestock products in rural and urban areas = limiting factor for further investment in rural areas
inefficient marketing of dairy products due to lack of supports from govt , less investment less profit
primitive breedin methods = poor quality breeds
poor facilities for storage and processing of livestock input + power shortage crisis
keeping animals i unhygienic conditions = spread of diseases
lack of veterinary care experts and poor control of outbreak of disease eg bird flu = srs problems for poultry industry
cattle
most common
assisted by camels and mules to plough and transport fodder and workers
supply meat, milk, dung
traditionally ‘pride and prestige’
mainly reared areas:
P&S, KPK (sargodha, Multan, Gujarat, Tharparkar and Lasbela
buffaloes
main source of milk and meat (produce 70% of total milk supply)
not imp as work animals
famous breeds for a good yield of milk: Nili Bar, Kundi and Ravi
reared areas:
prefer to remain in water hence mainly found in canal irrigated areas of P&S
sheep and goats
sure footed ( capable of surviving in rugged terrain and harsh climatic conditions)
no large grazing ground needed (nibble at thin grass) = overgrazing
source of mutton (preferred over buffaloes in pak:
reared areas:
GB in northern mountains, KPK, rural and urban areas of Punjab and Thar, cholistan and thar deserts (kept by nomadic ppl of balochistan)
poultry
growing population = rapidly growing industry
white meat > red meat
lesser investment required
desi variety of chicken > due to concerns abt breeding and feeding of modern farm chickens
fruit farming
major fruit crops = apples, apricots and variety if dry fruits
growing regions: Swat, Hunza, Murree, Galiat region and in NM. valleys of n and nw balochistan (hilly areas w cool climatic conditions)
pomegranate, almod, grapes = balochistan (pishin and Mustung)
bananas
temp required for growing = 27-29
sensitive to frost hence cant be grown in cld areas
high number of sunny days required
rainfall range 850-1050 m
soil should be well drained
mostly grown in Sindh and Hyderabad + neighboring districts as they grow well in warm and dry climate
mangoes
S Punjab: Multan, Bahawalnagar
s and e Hyderabad
chaunsa exported to many countries
dates
hot and dry regions of sindh
Oasis settlements of Miri, Sharak and Kech valley of Makran coast in Balochistan
most production in Balochistan goes to waste
oranges + other citrus fruits
c and e Punjab
Kino in sarghoda and neighboring districts
importance of fruit farming
source of nutrition (balanced diet)
raw material for food processing industry (juices, jellies, jam)
source of diversifying and increasing export earnings
peels/skins of some fruits =making imp items eg banana skin for fabric (recycling)
physical factors affecting agricultural production
land and soil:
Flat land of Indus plain and valley areas facilitate large scale/cash crop farming
subsistence farming in mountainous and plateau regions
terrace farming on hill slopes in GB province
rich alluvial and loess soils
IRS spreads alluvium on Indus plains
lack of organic atter in Pak soils overcome by fertilizers
water and climate:
N Punjab eg potwar pleateu and mountainous valleys in KPK and GB = good amount of rainfall = barani farming
south: irrigation essential for large scale farming due to ineffective rainfall
heavy monsoons and glacial melting feed rivers that flow to Indus plains; reservoirs on these rivers needed
high summer temp suitable for Kharif; temps of winter = rabi
pests, insects , diseases
LCV & other harmful insects and pests may destroy crops
subsistence farmers vulnerable cuz they cant afford pesticides and insecticides
commercial farm: long term preventative and curative strategy adopted to deal w this
human factors affecting agricultural production
irrigation facilities
semi arid - arid climate = need of irrigation for cash crop farming
reclamation of desert lands of P and S = increased agricultural area
modern irrigation = crops can be grown 2-3 times a year
extension of irrigation to soe parts of Balochistan eg in Lasbela plains cotton cultivation possible
A:
make up for the deficiency of rainfall
ensure better yield
source of reclamation of deserts
suitable for large scale farming
D:
subsistence farmers cant afford
if canal banks unlined = waterlogging and salinity
inefficient system of cleaning of canals
Fertilizers
add rich nutrients to soil lacking organic components
phosphate and nitrogenous brands popular
A:
better yield
speed up process of growth
suitable for cash crop farming
D:
poor farmers can’t afford
water pollution as they mix w irrigation water
eutrophication (stimulate growth of tiny plants like algae that may cover surface of water channel = marine life deprived of oxy and sun)
Mechanization:
tractors, harvesters and threshers instead of wooden plough and other traditional devices
tillers, reapers & transplanters for rice
large scale mechanization in 1960s as part of Ayub Khan’s green revolution
A:
speed up various processes of cultivation
machines can be attached to tractor
lesser number of workers required
suitable for large scale farming
D:
not suitable for subsistence farmers & fragmented holdings
expensive for poor farmers
diesel = air pollution
unemployment bec few ppl need (rural to urban migration)
HYV/GM
part of green revolution
need grew due to rapidly growing population
lesser yield fro desi variety
Nayyab = cotton
Mexipak = wheat
irripak = rice
A:
increased crop yield
drought resistant, pest and insect resistant
longer and stronger ste to withstand stormy winds
D:
expensive
need more irrigation and chemical fertilizers
size of farm
uneven distribution of land holdings in Pak
small percentage of rich possess huge land holdings
poor farmers = fragmented holdings
research can’t be conducted on fragmented holdings and loans can’t be taken against them and use of machinery and canal irrigation not possible
land reforms of 1959, 72 and 79 for fair distribution
upper limit of land ownership fixed
fragmented holdings joined tgt under Land consolidation act
poor rate of success due to powerful social position of rich landed aristocrats many of who were always members if the parliament
chemical fertilizers
rich nitrate ratio in soil and water channels = water pollution, eutrophication, domestic water supply carry pollutants = health problems for humans
crops use up soil nutrients = cattle manure high slurry = more polluting than domestic sewage
insecticides and pesticides
weaken human immunity, more chance of infectious disease, carcinogenic chemicals, various pests and insects develop resistance against these chemicals = more powerful chemicals = health hazard for farmers and consumers (hand, respiratory system)
exposure of soil to wind/water = erosion, deforestation = erosion, after harvesting loss of topsoil = less fertility of soil, if land given rest = more erosion
irrigation = waterlogging and salinity if canal banks unlined ; unusual water loss, damage to fertile soil, additional cost of solving problem
sustainable development w agriculture
practicing agriculture in such a way that there is more crop yield, healthier animals and minimum damage to environment so that future needs are secured
measures:
1. developing highly productive and eco friendly techniques
2. reclamation of deserts by irrigation schemes
3. conserving land by avoiding poor farming practices and overgrazing; soil management schemes thru afforestation, discourage deforestation on hill slopes, avoid over cropping as this exhausts soil nutrients
4. organic farming on large scale to encourage biological processes instead of chemical processes
5. training and educating farmers to adopt techniques aimed at conserving physical environment while enhancing crop yield; training them to to avail the residual moisture of soil in semi arid and barani areas
6. solar powered tubewells and tractors to minimize air pollution
7. setting up agricultural research institutes
8. more veterinary care institutes; research for cross breeding and early weaning for healthier varieties of livestock, incentives to be offered to attract investors for setting up modern dairy famers
