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AP Human Geo > Population Geography > Flashcards

Population Geography Flashcards

0
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The number of people living in a given unit area

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1
Q

Age-sex distribution

A

A model used in population geo that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population: aka population pyramid

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2
Q

Baby boom

A

A cohort of individuals born in the US between 1946-1964 in a time of relative peace and prosperity; allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility

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3
Q

Baby bust

A

Period of time during the 60s and 70s when fertility rates in the US dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life

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4
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The largest number of ppl that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support

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5
Q

Census tract

A

Small country subdivisions, usually containing between 2,500 and 8,000 persons, delineated by the US Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions

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6
Q

Chain migration

A

The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community

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7
Q

Child mortality rate

A

Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years

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8
Q

Cohort

A

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit

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9
Q

Cotton Belt

A

Term by which the American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region; the same area is now known as the New South or Sun Belt because ppl have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities

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10
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per year per 1,000 ppl

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11
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 ppl

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20
Q

Generation X

A

Describes ppl born in the US between 1965-1980; this post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years

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21
Q

Geodemography/ population geography

A

A division of human geo concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth and movements of pop.

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26
Q

Demographic accounting equation

A

An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a pop. within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration

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27
Q

Demographic transition model

A

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates through time

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28
Q

Demography

A

The study of human populations, including their temporal and spatial dynamics

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29
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The ratio of the # of ppl who are either too old or too young to provide for themselves to the # of ppl who must support them through their own labor; usually expressed in the form n:100, where n equals the # of dependents

30
Q

Doubling time

A

Time period required for a pop. experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely

31
Q

Emigration

A

Process of moving out of a particular country, usually the individual person’s country of origin

32
Q

Exponential growth

A

Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new ppl is added to a pop. each year; exponential growth is compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population

33
Q

Forced migration/ Involuntary migration

A

Migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will

34
Q

Immigration

A

The process of individuals moving into a new country with the intentions of remaining there

35
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country

36
Q

Internal migration

A

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a particular country

37
Q

Intervening obstacles

A

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration

38
Q

Life expectancy

A

The avg. age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races

39
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Essay on the Principle of Population (1798); claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, pop. growth would outpace food production

40
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth

41
Q

Migration

A

A long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another

42
Q

Natural increase rate

A

The difference between the # of deaths and # of births within a particular country

43
Q

Neo-Malthusian

A

Advocacy of pop. control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations

44
Q

Overpopulation

A

A value judgement based on the notion that the resources of a particular area aren’t great enough to support the area’s current pop.

45
Q

Physiologic density

A

A ratio of human pop. to the area of cropland, used in less developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture

46
Q

Population density

A

A measurement of the # of persons per unit land area

47
Q

Population pyramid

A

A model used in pop. geo to show the age and sex distribution of a particular pop.

48
Q

Pull factors

A

Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities

49
Q

Push factors

A

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil

50
Q

Refugees

A

Ppl who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are being officially relocated or enslaved

51
Q

Rust Belt

A

The northern individual states of the US, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity; in the 1960s-80s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the US and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate

52
Q

Sun Belt

A

US region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since WW2

53
Q

Total fertility rate

A

The avg. # of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

54
Q

Voluntary migration

A

Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area–the opposite of forced migration

55
Q

Zero population growth

A

Proposal to end pop. growth through a variety of official and nongovernmental family planning programs

AP Human Geo (6 decks)

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