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AP Human Geo > Geography, Its Nature and Perspectives > Flashcards

Geography, Its Nature and Perspectives Flashcards

0
Q

Absolute location

A

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system

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1
Q

Absolute distance

A

A distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or kilometer

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2
Q

Accessibility

A

The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place

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3
Q

Aggregation

A

To come together into a mass, sum, or whole

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4
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Human-induced changes on the natural environment

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5
Q

Azimuthal projection

A

A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface

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6
Q

Breaking point

A

The outer edge of a city’s sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city’s hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies

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7
Q

Cartograms

A

A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area

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8
Q

Cartography

A

The theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps

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9
Q

Choropleth map

A

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area

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10
Q

Cognitive map

A

An image of a portion of Earth’s surface that an individual creates in his/her mind; can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships among locations as well as personal perceptions and preferences of particular places

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11
Q

Complementarity

A

The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions

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12
Q

Connectivity

A

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places

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13
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

The spread of a disease, an innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place

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14
Q

Coordinate system

A

A standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude used to determine the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on Earth’s surface

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15
Q

Cultural ecology/nature-society geography

A

Study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments in which they live

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16
Q

Cultural landscape

A

The human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society

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17
Q

Distance decay effect

A

The decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases

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18
Q

Dot maps

A

Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births

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19
Q

Earth system science

A

A systematic approach to physical geography that looks at the interaction between Earth’s physical systems and processes on a global scale

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20
Q

Environmental geography

A

The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa

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21
Q

Eratosthenes

A

Third century BCE; one of the first cartographers; remarkably accurate computation of Earth’s circumference; coined “geography”

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22
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

The spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange

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23
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

Crescent-shaped area of fertile land stretching from the lower Nile Valley along the east Mediterranean coast and into Syria and present-day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 8,000 BCE

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24
Q

Formal region

A

Definition of regions based on common themes such as similarities in language, climate, land use, etc.

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25
Q

Friction of distance

A

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places

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26
Q

Fuller projection

A

A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions no longer have any meaning

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27
Q

Functional region

A

Definition of regions based on common interaction (or function), for example, a boundary line drawn around the circulation of a particular newspaper

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28
Q

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A

A set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze and display geographic data

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29
Q

Geographic scale

A

The scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomena (ex. Global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc.); generally, the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in the findings

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30
Q

Geoid

A

The actual shape of Earth, which is rough and oblate, or slightly squashed; Earth’s diameter is longer around the equator than along the north-south meridians

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31
Q

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

A set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on Earth’s surface with a portable electronic device

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32
Q

Gravity model

A

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other

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33
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

A type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of a physical or cultural community between those places

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34
Q

Human geography

A

The study of spatial variation in the patterns and processes related to human activity

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35
Q

Idiographic

A

Pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place

36
Q

International dateline

A

The line of longitude that marks where each new days begins, centered on the 180th meridian

37
Q

Intervening opportunities

A

If one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, the supplier closer to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the third from being able to share its supply of goods or services; frequently used because transportation costs usually decrease with proximity

38
Q

Isoline

A

A map line that connects points of equal or very similar values

39
Q

Large scale

A

A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units; large-scale maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps

40
Q

Latitude

A

The angular distance north or south of the equator, defined by lines of latitudes or parallels

41
Q

Law of retail gravitation

A

A law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business since larger cities have a wider influence on the surrounding hinterlands

42
Q

Location charts

A

On a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical info about a particular political unit or jurisdiction

43
Q

Longitude

A

The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, defined by lines of longitude, or meridians

44
Q

Map projection

A

A mathematical method that involves transferring Earth’s sphere onto a flat surface; can also be used to describe the type of map that results from the process of projecting; all map projections have distortions in area, direction, distance, or shape

45
Q

Map scale

A

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on Earth’s surface

46
Q

George Perkins Marsh

A

Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Activities; first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions

47
Q

Mercator projection

A

A true conformal cylindrical map projection; particularly useful for navigation since it maintains accurate direction; famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized

48
Q

Meridian

A

A line of longitude that runs north-south; all lines of longitude are equal in length and intersect at the poles

49
Q

Natural landscape

A

The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities

50
Q

Nomothetic

A

Concepts or rules that can be applied universally

51
Q

Parallel

A

An east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south of the equator

52
Q

W.D. Pattison

A

He claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, the location tradition, and the area-analysis tradition

53
Q

Perceptual region

A

Highly individualized definition of regions based on perceived commonalities in culture and landscape

54
Q

Peters projection

A

An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally

55
Q

Physical geography

A

The realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and changes through time of the natural phenomena of Earth’s surface

56
Q

Preference map

A

A map that displays individual preferences for certain places

57
Q

Prime meridian

A

An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, that marks the 0-degree line of longitude

58
Q

Projection

A

The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map

59
Q

Proportional symbols map

A

A thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol–such a circle or triangle–indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region

60
Q

Ptolemy

A

Roman geographer-astronomer, author of Guide to Geography, which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude

61
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association

62
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives

63
Q

Quantitative revolution

A

A period in human geo associated with the widespread adoption of mathematical models and statistical techniques

64
Q

Reference map

A

A map type that shows reference info for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation

65
Q

Region

A

A territory that encompasses many places that share similar physical and/or cultural attributes

66
Q

Regional geography

A

The study of geographic regions

67
Q

Relative distance

A

A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places; often describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic connectivity between two places

68
Q

Relative location

A

The position of a place relative to the places around it

69
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

The diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and so on from one place to another through migration

70
Q

Remote sensing

A

The observation and mathematical measurement of Earth’s surface using aircraft and satellites; the sensors include photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images

71
Q

Resolution

A

A map’s smallest discernible unit; if, for example, an object has to be one kilometer long in order to show up on a map, that map’s resolution is 1 km

72
Q

Robinson projection

A

A projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors; doesn’t maintain area, shape, distance, or direction completely accurately, but it minimizes errors in each

73
Q

Carl Sauer

A

defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis; this landscape results from the interaction between humans and the physical environment; argued that virtually no landscape has escaped alteration by human activities

74
Q

Sense of place

A

Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place

75
Q

Site

A

The absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics

76
Q

Situation

A

The relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system; a place’s spatial context

77
Q

Small scale

A

A map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on Earth is quite small; small-scale maps usually depict large areas

78
Q

Spatial diffusion

A

The ways in which phenomena, such as technological innovations, cultural trends, or even outbreaks of disease, travel over space

79
Q

Spatial perspective

A

An intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations of a specific phenomenon, how and why that phenomenon is where it is, and finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places

80
Q

Sustainability

A

The concept of using Earth’s resources in such a way that they provide for people’s needs in the present without diminishing Earth’s ability to provide for future generations

81
Q

Thematic layers

A

Individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a GIS to understand and analyze a spatial relationship

82
Q

Thematic map

A

A type of map that displays one or more variables–such as population or income level–within a specific area

83
Q

Time-space convergence

A

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places

84
Q

Topographic maps

A

Maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations; if you took a topographic map out into the field and walked exactly along the path of an isoline on your map, you would always stay at the same elevation

85
Q

Topological space

A

The amount of connectivity between places regardless of the absolute distance separating them

86
Q

Transferability

A

The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another

87
Q

Visualization

A

Use of sophisticated software to creat dynamic computer maps, some of which are three dimensional or interactive

AP Human Geo (6 decks)

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