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Dr. Kolomyjec Genetics > Population Genetics > Flashcards

Population Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Population genetics

A

Genetic structure of a population

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2
Q

Gene pool

A

Members of a species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, all the alleles of a population from which the next generation could be drawn

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3
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle is used to describe ____________

A

Non-evolving populations

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4
Q

Deviations from hardy Weinberg result in __________

A

Evolution

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5
Q

5 assumptions of hardy Weinberg

A 
1 large population
2 no migration
3 no net mutations
4 random mating
5 no natural selection
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6
Q

The gene pool of a non revolving population remains _____________ over multiple generations

A

Constant

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7
Q

The hardy Weinberg equation

A

1.0 = p^2 + 2pq + q^2

P^2 is AA
2pq is Aa
q^2 is aa

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8
Q

Why is genetic variation important

A

Potential for change in genetic structure

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9
Q

How does genetic structure change?

A

Changes in allele frequencies and/or genotype frequencies through time

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Spontaneous change in DNA

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11
Q

Migration

A

Individuals move into population

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12
Q

Natural selection

A

Certain genotype produce more offspring

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13
Q

Genetic drift

A

Genetic change by chance alone

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14
Q

Non random mating

A

Mating combines alleles into genotypes

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15
Q

Causes of micro evolution

A

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non random mating, natural selection

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16
Q

What is the only source of new alleles in a species

A

Mutation

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17
Q

Factors that cause genetic drift

A

Bottleneck event, founder event

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18
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A drastic reduction in population, reduced genetic variation, smaller population may not be able to adapt to new selection pressures

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19
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population, reduced genetic variation, may lead to speciation

20
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors intermediate over extreme phenotypes, maintains the average

21
Q

Directional selection

A

Selects for one of the extremes

22
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selects against the mean for both extremes

23
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Source of most genetic differences between individuals in a population

24
Q

Co evolution

A

Often occurs between parasite and host and flowers and their pollinators

25
Q

mtDNA

A

Often used in systematic; in enteral, no recombination, uniparental inheritance

26
Q

Microsatellites

A

Tandem repeats, genotyping and population structure

27
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

A

Single base pair changes

28
Q

cpDNA

A

Often used in systematic; in general, no recombination, uniparental inheritance

29
Q

Transposable elements

A

Mobile DNA elements dispersed throughout the genome

30
Q

Allozymes

A

Variations of proteins; population structure

31
Q

RAPDs

A

Short segments of arbitrary sequences: genotyping

32
Q

RFLPs

A

Variants in DNA exposed by cutting with restriction enzymes; genotyping, population structure

33
Q

AFLPs

A

After digest with restriction enzymes, a subset of DNA fragments are selected for PCR amplification; genotyping

34
Q

Molecular markers

A

A sequence of DNA or protein that can be screened to reveal key attributes of its state or composition and thus used to reveal genetic variation

35
Q

Four major molecular techniques are commonly applied to reveal genetic variation

A

Polymerase chain reaction (pcr) electrophoresis, hybridization and DNA sequencing

36
Q

Nuclear DNA

A

Diploid; bilateral inherited; recombination occur; can be viewed as a huge ocean of largely nongenic DNA with some tens of thousands of genes and gene clusters scattered around like small islands

37
Q

Chloroplast DNA

A

Haploid; usually maternally inherited in angiosperms and paternally inherited in gymnosperms; is packed with genes and thus resembles the streamlined configuration of its Cyanobacteria ancestral genome

38
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Haploid; typically maternally inherited

39
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

A procedure used to amplify a specific sequence of DNA

40
Q

Electrophoresis

A

Technique for separating the components of a mixture of charged molecules in an electric field within a gel or other support

41
Q

Sequencing

A

The process of determining the order of the nucleotide bases along a DNA strand

42
Q

Codominant marker

A

A marker in which both alleles are expressed, thus heterozygous individuals can be distinguished from either homozygous state

43
Q

Dominant marker

A

A marker shows dominant inheritance with homozygous dominant individuals indistinguishable from heterozygous individuals

44
Q

Where are micro-satellites found

A

In the non-coding region

45
Q

How can micro satellites mutate

A

DNA polymerase slippage, unequal crossing over

46
Q

Stepwise mutation model

A

When SSRs mutate, they gain or lose only one repeat

Dr. Kolomyjec Genetics (7 decks)

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