Population Distributions

Question 1

What is the epidemiological triad?

Answer 1

Host
Agent
Environment
Where the 3 meet = disease

Question 2

Within a group what will affect the # and types of contacts a pathogen will experience?

Answer 2

Sex
Age
Social status of individual

Question 3

What does transmission of a parasite among a group depend on?

Answer 3

Group size
Compostion
Territoriality
Levels of inter-group movement and contact

Question 4

Why would a disease be bias towards a certain gender?

Answer 4

Larger animals more susceptible to vectors
Sex related differences in home ranges
Sex related differences in physiology/behavior

Question 5

Examples of gender bias diseases

Answer 5

West Nile - odler males
Bovine TB - Males
CWD - Males

Question 6

Why would males possibly have higher risk of infection to some diseases?

Answer 6

Higher stress levels during breeding season

Question 7

3 ways age distribution can affect disease spread

Answer 7

1. If hosts can recover from infection and become immune, juveniles may have a higher prevalence than adults
2. many adults may have already been exposed and recovered
3. Infants may initially be protected by maternal immunity and become susceptible when passive immunity wanes

Question 8

Within group factors

Answer 8

1. Gender
2. Age
3. Dominance
4. Superspreaders

Question 9

What may be most effective disease control strategy?

Problem with this?

Answer 9

1. Focus control efforts on superspreaders

2. Difficult to identify

Question 10

3 Intergroup factors?

Answer 10

1. Territoriality
2. Group Size/Pop Density
3. Economic organization or ag industry

Question 11

How can economic organization of industry affect transmission?

Answer 11

Herd sizes
Animal movement
Inter-species mixing
Cross border movement of animals

Question 12

What 2 things is diagnosis all about?

Answer 12

Probabilities

Distribution

Question 13

Why is clinical diagnosis important?

Answer 13

An effort to recognize the class or group to which a patient’s illness belongs, so that based on prior experience we can guide our process of healing

Question 14

3 elements of disease

Answer 14

1. The disease or target disorder
2. The illness
3. The predicament

Question 15

4 Clinical diagnostic strategies?

Answer 15

1. Pattern recognition
2. Arborization Method
3. Exhaustive method
4. Hypothetico-deductive strategy

Question 16

Explain Pattern recognition

Answer 16

Instantaneous realization the patients presentation conforms to a previously learned picture

Reflexive not Reflective

Question 17

Explain Arborization strategy

Answer 17

Flow chart of a large number of potential preset pathways of diagnostic inquiries

Excelent tool for uncommon conditions

May be poor at handling atypical case presentations

Question 18

Explain exhaustive method

Answer 18

Painstaking, invariant search for all medical facts about the patient

Method of the novice, abandoned by the experience

Question 19

Explain hypothetico-deductive strategy

Answer 19

Formulation of a short list of potential diagnoses or actions based on early clues

Question 20

One flaw with hypothetico-deductive strategy?

Answer 20

Most clinician seek evidence that will support their hypothesis rather than “rule out” their hypotheses