Host as Community Flashcards

1
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A long-term intimate relationship between two organisms

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2
Q

3 types of relationships?

A

Parasitism (-ve for host +ve for symbiont)

Commensalism (neutral to host +ve for symbiont)

Mutualism (+ve for host and symbiont)

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3
Q

what are 4 ways in which the host can view the symbiont?

A

Pathogen that can kill

Neutral

Beneficial

Essential

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4
Q

What are the mutual benefits?

A

Symbiont

  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Neighbours with whom to share/compete

Host

  • Metabolic functions and digestion
  • Nutrients
  • Pathogen exclusion/antagonism
  • Developmental regulation
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5
Q

Example of symbiont benefiting the host through developmental regulation

A

Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbiota

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6
Q

How do normal microbiota at birth differ from those in adulthood?

A

At birth - facultative anaerobes

Adulthood - Obligate anaerobes

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7
Q

Two ways in which a good relationship can go bad

A

Right bug, wrong place

= bacteremia

= scepticemia

= aspriation pneumonia

  1. Disturbed microbial community

= Microbiome disease (dont involve an exogenous pathogen)

= Opportunistic infections

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8
Q

What is dysbiosis or dysbacteriosis?

A

Something wrong with the community that is causing something negative

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9
Q

What is the relationship between normal microbiota and innate immune system?

A

Intimate

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10
Q

What can disturbances in the relationship between microbiota and innate immune system lead to?

A

Local and or systemic effects

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11
Q

What are two possible examples of disturbed microbial community?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs

Necrotic enteritis in poultry

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12
Q

What is necrotic eneritis in poultry?

A

Acute or chronic enterotoxemia in chickens

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13
Q

What is thought to be the possible cause of Necrotic enteritis

A

Clostridium perfringens

  • gram +ve spore forming anaerobe
  • Produces a variety of toxins
  • Occurs at low levels naturally in intestines
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14
Q

What is the cause for the hazardous affect of C. perfringens?

A

Elimeria spp causes damage to intestinal epithelium which causes for protein to leak into intestine. The increase availability of protein causes for Dysbiosis and proliferation of resident C. perfringens which causes necrotic enteritis

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15
Q

What are 3 ways in which we try to restore balance?

A

Antibiotics - can cause even more of a problem by killing other normal microbiota

Probiotics - Live microbes administered in adequate amount confering a health benefit on the host, science is very weak and not regulated industry

Prebiotics - An ingredient that results in specific (beneficial) changes in the composition and or activity of the GI microbiota

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