Population Behavior Flashcards
Behavior is _____
Learned
Some behavior is _____
Heritable
The basics are that the animal must gain more energy than the risk
involved and the time spent foraging when it could be doing other things
This is called
Foraging Behavior
Type 1 predators are
Sedentary
Type 2 predators….
Stay within its patch at very low densities
Type 3 predators
require moderate prey density to stay in the patch
are the catch all for everything else that the individual
could be doing
It could be defending a territory, finding a mate, nursing young etc.
While the predation risk is basically the same among all individuals MOC
varies among individuals
Missed Opportunity Cost
_____sperm is “cheap” therefore a male can produce copious amounts
and the goal of a male is to inseminate as many females as possible
Males
____eggs are expensive and females produce a limited number of
them, so every egg is important, a female is driven by making every egg
count
Females
one male one female
Monogamy
more than one female per male
Polygygny
_____if resources are highly clumped and
defendable then there are limited areas capable of reproduction, therefore
a female is better off “sharing” the male to benefit from the territory
Male dominance—one or a few males actively suppress the reproduction of other
males
Reason for Polygyny
Skewed sex ratio—many more males than females, so each female is very
valuable for the male, he is better off defending that female
Reproduction is so expensive for the females that they “have” to have help
Resources scattered and not defendable
Reasons for Monogamy
Male dominance polygyny leads to ____ males with the secondary sexual
characteristics of females
Sneakers
_____have offspring once (e.g., salmon or annual plants)—produce
as many offspring as possible
Semilparous
____have more than one litter
Iteroparous
_____-the clutch size (number of offspring) should
be the size that maximizes the highest number of viable offspring
Lacks hypothesis
______parents must balance the costs of current
reproduction with the benefits of future reproduction
Williams hypothesis
bees, naked mole rats etc. One breeding female with workers
Why social groups?
Benefits—increased vigilance, increased ability to find food
Costs—increased susceptibility to disease, easy for predators to find
But sociality also can lead to complications, one cannot only look out
for number one
Eusocial
______are those that provide benefit to other individuals at a
cost to the individual performing the behavior
Alturistic behaviors “Yipping prarie dogs”
Monogamy is expected to arise when
A)resources are clumped and defendable
B) females are the limiting breeding resource
C) male dominance hierarchy increase testosterone levels
nest sites are clumped and limiting
D)all of the above
B
An animal that reproduces only once in its life is
A)hemiparous
B) semilparous
C)iteroparous
D) homoparou
B
The Prisoner’s Dilemma game suggests altruism only when
A)the cost of altruism is high
B)relatedness of individuals are included
C)the game is played repeatedly
D) trick question: the game never predicts altruism
C
A foraging animal must repeatedly assess the value of remaining in a patch because
A)the risk of predation increases over time
B)the amount of energy available in the patch decreases as the animal forages
C) the missed opportunity costs decrease with time
D)the individual must compete with other individuals in the patch
B
An increase in litter size (offspring number) often is associated with
A) an increase in fitness
B) a decrease in the quality of offspring
C) an increase in the quality of offspring
D) an increase in litter size in future generations
B
Many paleontologists think that at least some Dinosaurs were brightly colored, based on what we have learned which of the following would be most likely
A)males were brightly colored to attract females
B)females were brightly colored to attract males
C) both sexes were similarly colored as a warning of their ferocity
D) there was no consistent pattern in Dinosaur coloration
A
